SECTION B TRANSPORTATION 



(HaU 10, September 23, 10 a. TO.) 



CHAIRMAN: PROFESSOR J. LAWRENCE LAUGHLIN, University of Chicago. 

 SPEAKERS: PROFESSOR EUGEN VON PHILIPPOVICH, University of Vienna. 



PROFESSOR WILLIAM Z. RIPLEY, Harvard University. 

 SECRETARY: GEORGE F. TUMMELL, Chicago. 



TRANSPORTATION 



BY EUGEN VON PHILIPPOVTCH 



[Eugen von Philippovich, Councillor and Regular Professor of Political Econ- 

 omy, University of Vienna, since 1893. b. Vienna, Austria, March 15, 1858. 

 LL.D. Vienna, 1882; Councillor, 1900; Privat-docent, Vienna, 1884; Special 

 Professor, Freiburg, 1885-88; Regular Professor, ibid., 1888-93; Member of 

 Academy of Sciences, Vienna. Author of Problems and Methods in Political 

 Economy; Studies of the Political Economy of Austria since 1899; The Basis 

 of Political Economy; and numerous other noted works and memoirs in social 

 and political economy.] 



MARSHALL says, in his Principles of Economics, " The dominant 

 economic fact of our own age is the development, not of the manu- 

 facturing, but of the transport industries." 1 Indeed, hardly any other 

 facts illustrate the enormous changes of the conditions of human life 

 effected during the nineteenth century as clearly as the development 

 of transportation during recent years. In former days of greater 

 stableness the transportation of great numbers of persons appeared 

 rather occasionally, at festivals, movement of troops, and pilgrims' 

 journeys; but nowadays we see a multitude of men in daily repeated 

 flow, in the centers of transportation, arriving and departing. 



To supply considerable masses of men, heavy freight was necessary, 

 for one or the other center, in former days; but in comparison with 

 the transportation of provisions, of raw material for industry, and of 

 industrial products which are shipped nowadays to all parts of the 

 globe, this freight is insignificant. And how limited was formerly 

 the sending of news which, in old times, was a privilege of princes and 

 financiers, in the Middle Ages also of the convents, universities, and 

 places of trade, but which benefits now the millions of inhabitants 

 of the large states and secures for every one, even the poorest, the 

 possibility of direct connection with all parts of the earth. 



The system of the Roman roads is said to have comprehended 



1 Second ed., 1891, p. 724. Cf. Lorenz von Stein, Handbuch der Verivalbungs- 

 lehre, 2. Aufl. 1876, S. 361; and Schaffle, Ban und Leben des sozialen Korpers. 

 3. Band, 1878, S. 180. 



