394 COLONIAL ADMINISTRATION 



gated to agricultural and unskilled employments. This is essen- 

 tially the state of things in Java. The native Javanese constitute 

 only a fragment of a society. The positions requiring mechanical, 

 clerical, or professional skill or ability are held by Europeans or their 

 descendants. There has been little or no attempt made to draw 

 out of the body of the people persons trained to fill the civil offices 

 or perform any of the higher functions of society. If, therefore, the 

 European element were withdrawn, there would remain the culti- 

 vators of rice and the other limited classes of unskilled laborers, but 

 the social structure would collapse. The administrative policy of 

 Java is a survival from another age. It draws a hard line between 

 the natives and the Europeans, and determines the position of 

 persons with mixed blood in such a way as to discriminate unjustly 

 between the pure Javanese and persons having a slight trace of 

 European blood. It appears to maintain the view that the white 

 race should rule, not because it can lift the dependent people to a 

 higher plane of life, but simply because it is the white race and has 

 the necessary power. 



The extreme of liberalism in dealing with colonies of an alien 

 race in the tropics is represented by America's government of the 

 Philippines. Of course, England's great dependencies of English 

 stock are practically self-governing commonwealths, and even her 

 dependencies within the tropics are no longer dealt with in the 

 ancient manner. But the new policy of colonial administration, 

 involving a people of another race, is more thoroughly carried out 

 under the United States than elsewhere. 



No line is drawn between the American and the Asiatic. By 

 this order many difficulties are destroyed before they are born. 

 The questions which arise in Java concerning the status of persons 

 of mixed blood do not appear in the Philippines. There is one law 

 for all and one system of tribunals, before which every offender, 

 regardless of his race or descent, must be brought for trial. Abun- 

 dant means for popular education are provided, which persons of all 

 classes and conditions are free to use. There are no forbidden sub- 

 jects. There is no attempt to uphold the prestige of the dominant 

 nation by limiting the field of the Filipino's knowledge. The local 

 government rests entirely on a popular basis. Any office in any 

 municipality may be held by any resident who has the qualifications 

 of a voter, and is able to secure the suffrage of the other voters of the 

 municipality. The governors of the province are elected by an 

 electoral college composed of the members of 'the town councils 

 within the province. The insular legislation is to rest in the hands 

 of an elective assembly cooperating with the governor and a smaller 

 appointed body acting in the double capacity of upper house and 

 executive council. Internal peace and order are maintained by a 



