TENDENCIES OF . INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION 691 



pressure, chiefly exerted from without, toward federating with each 

 other for purposes of defense and cooperative effort, though not for 

 the organic unity of government, creed, or ritual. The most con- 

 spicuously valuable results yet attained in this direction are recorded 

 in the sociological census taken by the Federation of Churches and 

 Christian Workers of the City of New York. 



We have yet to trace the reciprocal influence of the social tenden- 

 cies of this industrial age and contemporary educational movements 

 upon each other. 



About the middle of the last century the need of a new nomencla- 

 ture to designate these new movements of thought and action began 

 to be met. In 1830 Auguste Comte coined the term " sociology " to 

 include the group of sciences which he designated " Social Physics." 

 Very slowly, however, is the terminology thus initiated finding its 

 way into anything like accepted usage. The first title-page in Ameri- 

 can periodical literature bearing a sociological term and scope is 

 that of Simon Stern's Social Science Review which appeared in 

 1865. It discovered its raison d'etre in the Civil War, which it 

 predicted " will probably produce many changes in our social and 

 political institutions " so that " it has become of the utmost import- 

 ance that we should at this period, more especially, render ourselves 

 familiar with the natural laws which govern mankind in its social 

 state, and that public opinion and legislation may be in accordance 

 with and not in contravention of those natural laws." But the 

 prospectus was so far removed from any scientific definition as to 

 construct out of the single term sociology a veritable omnibus, into 

 which, with our all too familiar tendency to overcrowding, it packed 

 about all the political, economic, domestic, and moral issues then 

 before the American people. 



The new point of view required a reinvestigation and reclassifica- 

 tion of the old and additional phenomena attending the tendency 

 to such a gregarious, yet segregated life, such a subdivided and 

 interdependent labor as the world had never known before. In 

 the tables of his Descriptive Sociology, Herbert Spencer suggested, 

 if he did not determine, a scientific classification of at least historical 

 and literary data, which stimulated research and encouraged the 

 application of the inductive method. 



It was not until twenty years ago that any attempt to be com- 

 pared with it was made to classify and summarize contemporary 

 data. All England was then startled by the " Bitter cry of outcast 

 London," which was piteously but sternly raised by some Christian 

 mission workers in the then all too little known East End. Amidst 

 the clamor of protesting or appealing voices over the mute sufferings 

 of poverty-stricken thousands and the growing discontent at the 

 neglect of such conditions, one man went silently to work to get at 



