772 



in communication becomes evident. The connection of religious 

 and urban culture is shown also by the fact that a sanctuary and 

 sacred place to which the processions of many pilgrims are directed 

 bears in itself the germ of an urban centre; not only Mecca and 

 Medina, but also the Parthenon and Capitol, the height of Zion, the 

 medieval Rome, and the multitude of bishops' seats in all European 

 countries. And even if, now, we want to designate the life after 

 death with a worldly metaphor, we do not select any of those steads, 

 removed from the world, which have induced lonesome men to con- 

 templative meditation about the last truths, but we select even now 

 the idea of an urban community and we speak of the " heavenly 

 Jerusalem." 



The universal cultural significance of the urban community is also 

 expressed by the secondary meaning which the expression " urban " 

 has in various languages. As in classical Latin urbanus and rusticus 

 point out the difference between higher and inferior culture, so the 

 word " urbane " is still used to denote refined manners, contrary to 

 boorish manners. But we find also, in languages, traces of that 

 mission of the city to spread culture and to gain advantages only in 

 order to let others partake of them. From the city the word "citizen" 

 is derived, as " burgher" from burgh and borough, and citoyen from 

 cite. But after the citizens' rights and duties had been placed in 

 relations of more general validity, they were transferred to the larger 

 community. 



The notion of the citizen is probably the most important contri- 

 bution made by the urban communities to modern political culture. 



Literature 



My treatise occupies itself merely with the formal character of the 

 urban community. Only through examples has it been shown how 

 its formal peculiarities find actual expression. To treat exhaustively 

 this part of the subject it wbuld be necessary to discuss all branches 

 of urban administration. But this is the subject of a special theme 

 (Department 20, Section E, "Municipal Administration"). By 

 means of the different branches of administration the doctrine of the 

 urban community is connected with each human discipline whose 

 object can become in some way the object of administration; hence 

 not only, as has been shown by an example, by means of the school 

 administration with the entire pedagogical science, but likewise by 

 means of the sanitary administration with medical science (Depart- 

 ment 17), by means of the administration of buildings and ways with 

 the entire science of engineering and architecture (Department 18; cf. 

 the example of water-supply and canalization), by means of the ad- 

 ministration of transportation and economics with political economy 



