THE URBAN COMMUNITY AND SOCIAL SCIENCE 773 



(Department 19), etc. All these connections are left to Department 

 20, Section E, which, in a certain sense, runs parallel to this section. 

 But in the following review of the literature I shall consider it at 

 least so much that a bridge is formed for the investigator. 



German literature on urban community is split in three literary 

 directions, that exist side by side almost without mutual contact: 

 the historical, juristic, and administrative. 



Historical literature, especially the literature on the origin of the 

 German municipal constitution, is very copious. Into the hypotheses 

 concerning this origin Heusler attempted to bring light by his 

 orientating treatise. Although more than thirty years have elapsed 

 since, this orientating treatise is still indispensable. (A. Heusler, 

 Der Ursprung der deutschen Stddteverfassung, Weimar, 1872.) Doch 

 muss fur den gegenwartigen Stand der Forschung hinzugenom- 

 men werden: K. Hegel, die Entstehung des deutchen Stddtewesens, 

 Leipzig, 1898. The extraordinarily large literature on the develop- 

 ment of single German cities is collected in the section Stddtewesen 

 in Dahlmann-Waitz, Qudlenkunde der deutschen Geschichte, Neubear- 

 beitung von Altmann und Bernheim, Gottingen, 1904. The German 

 history which describes adequately the influence of city and country 

 is: K. Nitzsch, Geschichte des deutschen Volkes bis zum Augsburger 

 Religionsfrieden. Nach dessen hinterlassenen Papier en und Vorles- 

 ungen Jierausgegeben von G. Maithdi, Leipzig, 1883-1885. 



The German juristic* literature on municipal law is influenced 

 especially by the fact that the most prominent German thinker who 

 made the legal relations between state and city the object of his 

 studies made only occasional scientific remarks about Germany. 

 This is Gneist, in whose works the investigation of English conditions 

 is treated almost exclusively. Thus the juristic literature has 

 remained in the hands of officials. The juristic literature on the 

 position of the cities within the state organism reproduces especially 

 the opinions of governmental bureaucracy expressed in ministerial 

 rescripts, etc.; the municipality yields to these opinion!? now unwill- 

 ingly, then unconsciously. Also the more liberal teacher of state 

 law is under this influence. In Ronne's Preussisches Staatsrecht 

 this subject is not treated by the author, but in an additional volume: 

 Schon, Recht derCommunalverbdnde in Preussen, Leipzig, 1897. Only 

 lately new life has been brought into this state literature, as the 

 juristic side of municipal constitution was regarded from the urban 

 point of view. Preuss, a student of Gneist, is at present the only 

 teacher of state law who follows this direction. Preuss, Das Stddt- 

 ische Amtsrecht in Preussen, Berlin, 1902. 



The administrative and social literature starts, in Germany at 

 present, with the numerous attempts of reform of different parts of 

 urban life, which are being made in almost all German cities. How- 



