THE COLLEGE 135 



and not in our own English sense? Oxford and Cambridge have 

 been composed of numerous undergraduate colleges from the begin- 

 ning of their- history. The Scotch and Irish universities are so 

 organized. The new universities of Manchester and Birmingham 

 and Liverpool correspond precisely to our state universities, with 

 college departments and undergraduate technical and professional 

 schools. " University," in English and American usage, means, and 

 has always meant, a group of schools, all undergraduate, of which 

 the undergraduate college usually is, and always should be, the most 

 important. However low in grade is the instruction offered, a 

 variety of technical and professional courses seems to constitute the 

 claim to the name " university " in Anglo-Saxon countries. But if 

 it is vain to displace the term " university," let us see to it that the 

 word " college " is used correctly, and let us sharply distinguish by 

 the preface of the word " graduate " the true graduate schools of 

 medicine, law, and theology, and also the true graduate philosophical 

 school from the ordinary low-grade non-graduate professional 

 schools of the majority of American universities. 1 Let us accustom 

 ourselves to speak of the graduates of Harvard College, Michigan 

 College, Chicago College, or of graduates of the college of Harvard, 

 Michigan, or Chicago, just as we speak of graduates of the Medical 

 School or Law School of Harvard, Michigan, and Chicago. The term 

 university graduate is too broad, and may mean anything from 

 a doctor of philosophy to a farmer or horse-doctor, without even a 

 high-school education. It should not be used for college graduates. 

 Unless this rule is followed by college and university authorities, all 

 our detached colleges will inevitably be compelled in self-defense 

 to call themselves universities a real pedagogical misfortune, and 

 a break with tradition and culture. 



But let us proceed to trial. Why should the prisoner lose his 

 head, or his feet, or be sawn asunder in the middle? Is it because, as 

 indicated above, our American university professional schools are 

 not university schools in the French or German sense? Already in 

 1884 the far-seeing president of Harvard University had begun to 

 urge the shortening of the college course and the raising of require- 

 ments for admission to professional schools; in 1893 the Johns Hop- 

 kins University opened its school of medicine, the first graduate, or 

 true university professional school, in the German sense, in the United 

 States. Also in 1893 Professor Von Hoist, in his oration before the 

 first Convocation of the University of Chicago, sounded a clarion note 

 of awakening to American universities, and in 1900 Professor Perry's 

 lucid and admirable monograph on American Universities drove 



1 The only graduate professional schools in the United States are the Medical 

 School of the Johns Hopkins University, the Medical, Law, and Theological 

 Schools of Harvard, and the Law School of Columbia. 



