172 THE UNIVERSITY 



I have said little or nothing, in this connection, of that part of 

 the university, whether it be an American or a European university, 

 which is not commonly considered professional or technical: the 

 part called " philosophical faculty " in Germany and most countries 

 of Continental Europe, and including the parts devoted to political 

 science and economics, and to mathematical and natural science, 

 which in some places are organized as separate faculties; in others 

 included in the faculty of philosophy or elsewhere. Some of our 

 American universities comprehend all these parts under the collect- 

 ive name of " graduate " schools an insufficient designation in 

 those institutions which have made one or more of the professional 

 schools also into graduate schools. The history of this part of the 

 university body has been singularly varied. At first, in Europe, 

 subordinated to the other faculties, it has there been raised to perfect 

 equality with them, and in general has maintained the ideal of 

 theoretical research far more completely than the other faculties; 

 yet in Germany it has become almost as much of a professional 

 faculty as the others, having been made the pathway to the profession 

 of teaching in the schools of higher rank. In the United States also 

 the tendency is strong in the same direction; the majority of those 

 who, as graduate students, pursue courses leading to the degrees of 

 master of arts and doctor of philosophy do so with a view to becom- 

 ing teachers. Here, too, almost without exception, are found those 

 students who, without thought of active professional practice, pur- 

 sue their work for the sake of study and research alone as far as the 

 university can guide them. This is naturally the most " theoretical " 

 part of the university, the least exclusively professional and technical; 

 there is nothing like it to be found outside of university organization, 

 whereas the work of the theological, the legal, and the technical 

 faculties is almost everywhere duplicated outside. In fact, taking 

 the Christian countries as a whole, theological training is given much 

 more outside of universities than in them, and the same is true of 

 technical training. This " philosophical " part of the university 

 (I use the name without prejudice to the others not as if they were 

 necessarily unphilosophical, and not in the narrower sense of the 

 term) this part is preeminently called upon to maintain the ideal 

 of research. It has no raison d'etre if it does not maintain it; but 

 it is not called upon to maintain it single-handed. It is important 

 that the philosophical faculty, in the wider sense, be a large part 

 numerically of every university, and that it be not subdivided in any 

 such way as to weaken its solidarity. The task of fitting teachers for 

 the higher school work, and, of course, those who look forward to 

 giving instruction in non-professional subjects in colleges and univer- 

 sities, will always be peculiarly its own, and these teachers must be 

 imbued with the idealism which shall protect them from degeneration 



