PROBLEMS OF THE UNIVERSITY 173 



into mere teaching-machines Unterrichtstechniker, to quote again 

 from Paulsen. 



In America the relations of this part of the university to the rest 

 offer many problems peculiarly pressing, because the individuals 

 who compose these faculties almost without exception form part of 

 others as well a condition entirely different from that existing in 

 European universities. They generally have quite as much to do 

 in an undergraduate as in the graduate school, and so are in a position 

 analogous to that of the Gymnasiallehrer who also lectures in the 

 university. The situation is, of course, largely, if not exclusively, 

 the result of insufficient funds. No good " graduate school " could 

 possibly be self-supporting, and the institutions of which these schools 

 form parts have naturally many other demands to meet. The bur- 

 den of double teaching weighs very heavily upon the American 

 professor, making exceedingly difficult the necessary concentration 

 of mind upon the higher work. To regulate these conditions is cer- 

 tainly one of the most important problems before the American 

 university organizer. 



To do this chosen work with the best result the universities must 

 have well-prepared material. The need of this has been met by 

 different nations in different ways. Least care has hitherto been 

 taken in the United States, where until very recent years almost any 

 one was thought well enough trained for admission to a school of 

 medicine or law or technology. Germany has been the most careful, 

 demanding until not long ago a gymnasial training for all faculties 

 of the universities, and a full course in the Realschule for admission 

 to the technische Hochschule. But even here, some years ago, a re- 

 action set in against the exclusive privileges of the gymnasium, and 

 now certain parts of the university are open to the graduates of 

 Realschulen and Realgymnasien. The end of the extension of privi- 

 leges is not yet reached; the natural sciences will doubtless receive 

 still greater concessions. But the principle is still firmly maintained 

 that admission to professional training is to be denied to those who 

 have not a rigid and thorough preliminary training. The kind 

 of training may vary, but its amount and thoroughness may not be 

 diminished. This is still an urgent need in America: not how the 

 universities may get the largest numbers of students, or fill up the 

 schools that " pay " the best, but to get a reasonable number of 

 the best-prepared students, who will push on beyond their masters. 

 Much has been written of late years about the undue prolongation 

 of university, especially professional, study; and from this point of 

 view what seems only a school question becomes a burning uni- 

 versity question as well, for the university can build only upon the 

 foundation of the school, or of the school and the college. 



The best form of instruction for the university to follow is still 



