658 BACTERIAL DISEASES OF PLANTS 



Teachers vs. Pupils. A thousand interesting problems occur 

 to every live teacher, but, with his hands tied by a multiplicity 

 of duties connected with the imparting of knowledge, he must 

 carry on his own researches in the odds and ends of his time, and 

 largely by setting various students at work on these problems. 

 They are so many instruments of inquiry, rather dull and defec- 

 tive tools in many cases, it must be admitted, but better than 

 none. The teacher cannot be blamed, therefore, if he uses his 

 students in this way. They are but beginners. They cannot 

 do researches alone, and even with much guidance they generally 

 manage to plunge into every alluring pitfall, every bog that in 

 the least resembles solid ground. If the teacher is competent 

 and faithful they receive from him far more in the way of stimu- 

 lus and training than the value of what they return to him either 

 in money or in research. Each student discovers something, 

 let us say, but only the labors of many students in various 

 years, plus the insight and the additional labors of the professor 

 enable him finally to present a finished piece of work. Mani- 

 festly, the completed work belongs to the teacher who has been 

 the brains of it from the beginning. Certainly it does not belong 

 to the individual students, many of whom, perhaps, are now 

 specializing in quite other fields or have abandoned science 

 altogether, having gotten from it the training desired. In excep- 

 tional cases where the student has developed marked aptitude 

 for a research, has devoted an unusual amount of time to it, 

 and has made independent discoveries, the teacher should, I 

 think, share with the student in the finished product, and gen- 

 erally I believe he is willing to do so. Students are often rather 

 conceited and not always just to faithful teachers. It is good TO 

 try to put one's self mentally into the teacher's place. It is 

 also good to remember St. Paul's advice "Let no man think 

 more highly of himself than he ought!" Modesty is commend- 

 able in all, and especially in intellectual babes and sucklings. 

 These remarks apply in large measure also to graduate work 

 exclusive perhaps of "doctor's theses," of which in my judg- 

 ment there are altogether too many published. 



Chiefs vs. Subordinates. In early stages of association 

 the case is the same between chiefs and assistants. Later when 



