^lune, 1910 THE 



^^ Grape Refuse from Wine 



F. T. Shutt, M. A., Chemut, C. E. F., Ottawa 



This waste product consists essentially of 

 he skins and seeds of grapes used in the 

 manufacture of wine. From such informa- 

 tion as we can gather it has no commercial 

 value, but can be obtained gatis by farmers 

 or others on application at the wine factory. 

 At the request of several fruit growers in 

 the Niagara district, where it has been 

 used of late years to some extent, we have 

 determined its compositioii. 



Two samples were forwarded, collected 

 some weeks apart at the same factory, and 

 their moisture-content on arrival at the la- 

 boratory was 54.59 per cent, and 66.20 per 

 cent, respectively. The samples were mix- 

 ed and an analysis made, the results being 

 calculated on the basis of 60 per cent, wa- 

 ter. 



ANAY8I8 OP GRAPE REFUSE. 



Per Cent. 



Water 60.00 



Organic matter 38.60 



Mineral matter or ash 1.40 



100.00 



Per cent. Per ton. 

 Lbs. 



Nitrogen 77 15.4 



Phosphoric acid 20 4.0 



Potash 36 7.2 



The amounts of the fertilizing constitu- 

 ents are by no means large, and consequent- 

 ly the profitable use of this refuse would be 

 confined to districts in the immediate vi- 

 cinity of wine factories. Much of its plant 

 food is, of course, in the grape seeds, and 

 this naturally would not become available 

 until they have at least partially decompos- 

 ed. 



It is difiBcult to say how long such seeds 

 ight remain in the soil intact when the 



ude material is applied to the soil, but 

 It is evident that a previous composting 

 would be advantageous in bringing about a 

 liberation of the fertilizing elements. If 

 wood ashes were used in the compost heap, 

 the resulting material would be the richer 

 in potash, and any acidity developing in 

 the fermentation of the refuse corrected. — 

 Extract from 1908 report of Chemical Div- 

 ision, Dominion Experimental Farms. 



CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 



'55 



The White Grub in Lawns 



A grub that often is troublesome in 

 ,wns is the larva of a robust brown beetle, 

 immonly spoken of as a "June Bug," or 

 ay beetle, the big, clumsy fellow which 

 zzes into open windows and about the 

 ;hted lamp in early summer. This in- 

 t belongs to the genus Lachnosterna, 

 nd the species we have commonly with us 

 appears to be pretty evenly divided between 

 jusca and rugosa. Not only do the young 

 of these beetles work havoc on lawns, but 

 the adults are active at night, they work 

 "while you sleep," feeding upon the leaves 

 of fruit and shade trees, and capable, when 

 very numerous, of stripping the trees of 

 their foliage. Eggs are laid amongst the 

 roots of grass, and the young grubs when 

 hatched begin to feed upon the rootlets, 

 sometimes killing patches many square feet 

 in extent, and leaving the grass brown and 

 dead, easily separated from the ground be- 

 low ; in fact, it can be lifted and rolled up 

 with the hands. It takes two years, or 

 longer, it is believed, for this larva or grub 

 to become mature, hence a lawn laid waste in 

 6 would not, if all the grubs which caus- 

 the injury were full grown at that time, 

 ihow any further injury from this source 

 until 1910. In other words, this year's 

 1908) grubs would change to beetles next 



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