112 



GLEANINGS IN BEE CULTUKE. 



Mak. 



very glad to have say to the friends they 

 were ready to settle up old scores, and 

 make thing-s satisfactory. You may say 

 there are some who can not doit. Jii that 

 case, should they be allowed to run the risk 

 of defrauding more V Is it boasting, to say, 

 '• Friends, if there is any thing in my past 

 deal not right, I stand ready to make itso"V 

 To be sure, not. Will anybody put his name 

 thus before the public who is not square V 

 He may one month ; but the minute his 

 name comes out I should be notiiied if he 

 did not live up to this public offer. That is 

 why I suggested they be propounded one 

 month ahead. See : — 



In regard to the Square Men's Column, I wish to 

 say, that I also liked your proposition, but did not 

 sec how it was to be managed justly to all, until E. 

 A. Thomas & Co. explained it. I can most heartily 

 indorse all they say. Please consider me an appli- 

 cant for a permanent position in the Square Men's 

 Column, and accept my thanlvs for placing me there 

 on the start. You have said a great many kind 

 words lor me, friend Root, but this last compliment 

 exceeds them all. If there is one thing that I take 

 solid comfort in, it is the feeling that, so far as 1 

 know, none of my customers have reason to com- 

 plain. E. M. Hayhubst. 



Kansas City, Mo., Feb, 6, 1883. 



And here is another : — 



To advertise Viallon and Hayhurst, with whom I 

 have dealt, as square men, seems to me ridiculous, 

 because I know that, like yourself, they will do more 

 than is required, to satisfy their customers; but 

 every year brings new men forward, and to them 

 your indorsement will be of value. 



L. M. Shumaker. 



North Danville, Va., Feb. 6, 1883. 

 Many thanks, friend S., for putting my 

 poor self in with friends Viallon and ilay- 

 hurst ; but if you will reflect, I think you 

 will think of reasons why I can not stand 

 there. These two friends have fought for 

 the place they occupy, and there is a great 

 and strong desire on the part of many of our 

 younger members, to stand by their side. 

 Good is coming out of all these troubles, 

 and perhaps a greater good than even the 

 most sanguine of us dream of. 



V 



THE PROBIiEM OF HEKEDITY. 



TH3 DZIERZON THEOKY; THOSE THREE - BANDED 



HYBRIDS; SEVERAL RACES MERGED INTO ONE; 



CLIMATE AND TEMPERATURE CAUSE INSECT 



RACES TO VARY IN COLOR; BEES IN 



AMERICA; THE EASTERN RACES, ETC. 



Mt. EDWARD CORI, who is more extreme in 

 WW bis views on the Dzierzon Theory than I am, 

 ' says: " I think the effects of impure fertili- 

 zation more pronounced and perceptible in the 

 drone progeny than in the worker progeny." A. F. 

 Brown says: " We erred in breeding from drones 

 where the queens have met with hybrid or black 

 drones. Dzierzon or no Dzierzon, for such we have 

 no use." Martin Metcalf speaks of the Dzierzon 

 Theory as the bogus theory of the books; and Mr. J. 

 E. Pond invites the fraternity to set him right if he 

 has made a mistake in concluding that it is false. 

 Undoubtedly, all who run full tilt against this theory 



should be suspected by the editors — suspected of 

 having tested it, and of having found it false in 

 practice. The truth sometimes prevails in the long 

 run; but, as my views differ from those of the work- 

 ing majority, lest I become a recognized sinner, I 

 forbear to press the subject further. Let us have 

 the whole truth on this important subject, friend 

 Root, by all means; we have been groping in the 

 dark too long already for the interest of the bee- 

 keeping class. 



THOSE THREE-BANDED HYBRIDS. 



Most people know that animals sometimes breed 

 after themselves; but most people do not know what 

 Mr. Doolittle asserts that he does know, in the fol- 

 lowing quotation ; and herein consists the stunner 

 observed by Mr. John A. Buchanan, who, mistaking 

 the shadow for the substance, adds his testimony to 

 prove the first-mentioned fact. Mr. Doolittle said 

 (see October Gleanings), '• I claim the Italian bee 

 is only a 'thoroughbred,' and not a tixed race of 

 bees. It is said that a cross of the black bee with 

 the Egyptian will, in three generations, produce a 

 bee which no man can tell from the best Italian. If 

 this is so, it is probably the starting-point of our 

 Italians; but why such breeding can so thoroughly 

 fix the bands that a queen, mating with a common 

 drone, will not show such mating in her working 

 progenj', is more than I can tell, but know such to 

 be the fact." Mr. Doolittle, then, has found two 

 races of bees (if the report can be relied on), whose 

 offspring of the third generation can not be told 

 from the best Italian! This he considers the start- 

 ing-point of our Italians. This breeding has so fixed 

 the bands, that a queen mating with a common 

 drone will not show such mating in her working 

 progeny; this he knows to be a fact; and yet he 

 claims that the Italian bee is only a thoroughbred, 

 and not a fixed race. Nearly 20C0 years have passed 

 since two races of bees have been known to exist in 

 Italy; and what can be accomplished in three crosses 

 of their probable progenitors, is not yet accom- 

 plished in their progeny in that country. This sur- 

 passes the credulity of ordinary men. 



several RACES MERGED INTO ONE. 



In the early part of this century, in the Miami 

 Valley, Ohio, the bristly swine of that section of 

 country were improved by crossing them with the 

 Russia, the Byfleld, and the Bedford breeds of swine. 

 In 1816, four China hogs were imported, and bred 

 with the before-mentioned hybrids. From 1835 to 

 1841 the blood of the Berkshire hog was freely 

 added; and in 1838, some Irish graziers were im- 

 ported and bred with them. By judicious selection 

 from among these mongrels, a race of fixed character- 

 istics, called the "Poland-China" hog, was formed 

 in about half a century. Here seven lines of de- 

 scent converge to form one race. This race varies 

 in color from a light-colored hog with small black 

 spots to those nearly black, as would be expected of 

 a race made up of the descendants of animals of vari- 

 ous colors. Color is not, then, necessarily, a dis- 

 tinctive characteristic of a race. 



CLIMATE AND TEMPERATURE CAUSE INSECT RACES 

 TO VARY IN COLOR. 



Two species of the hawk moth. Sphinx quinque- 

 maculatus, which is a northern species, the larva of 

 which is known as the potato worm, and another, 

 whose larva is known as the tobacco worm, meet in 

 Maryland. They are nearly alike in all their states. 

 The potato worm is there distinguished from the to* 



