October, 191a 



THE CANADIAN HORTICULTURIST 



231 



Further Stages in the Life of the Codling Moth 



Ix)ok at this fellow well so that you may r 

 shows the codling-worm (larva) magnified three 



the Apple Tree Tent Caterpillar and the 

 Tussock Moth, which spend the winter 

 in the egg state in more or less conspicu- 

 ous masses on the bark of trej?. perhap; 

 the most effective method of control is 

 the destruction of the egg masses in the 

 fall when the leaves have fallen. 



Moreover, the Codling Worm (Carpo- 

 capsa pomonella) hibernates in a thick, 

 greyish-white cocoon under bits of bark, 

 in cavities of the wood, an.l in rubbish 

 about the orchard. Many also are car- 

 ried into fruit cellars, and in spring the 

 moths produced from them find their 

 way out to the orchard. The scraping 

 of the tree-trunks in late fall and the 

 destruction of lose rubbish would do 

 much to lessen their numbers. 



The Oyster-shell Scale (Lepidosaphes 

 ulmi) is one of the most widespread in- 

 sects of our Canadian apple orchards. 

 It hibernates in the egg stage under the 

 scale on the bark, and hatches in late 

 May and June. A late fall spraying with 

 whitewash when the trees are dormant, 

 followed by another in midwinter, will 

 cause most of the scales to drop to the 

 ground. 



FUNGOUS DISEASES 



A thorough cleaning of the orchard in 

 late fall of all unnecessary rubbish and 

 leaves is one of the best preventives of 

 many fungous diseases, such as apple 

 scab, brown rust, mildews, and leaf- 

 spots. Many injurious fungi produce 

 winter spores which matnrp in the dead 



ecognize him when you see him. Illustration 

 times and d the adult and egg on the fruit. 



fruit and leaves during the fall, winter, 

 or early spring. In early spring these 

 spores, or spores produced by them, will 

 inoculate the new leaves and young fruit. 



The diseased fruit and leaves should 

 be gathered and burned. They should 

 not be thrown on the manure or compost 

 heap, for then many of the spores which 

 survive the winter will reproduce the 

 disease the following season. 



Trees affected with Black-rot Canker 

 (Sphseropsis malorum), Black Knot 

 (Playrightia morbosa), and twig blight 

 should be thoroughly pruned and the cut 

 ends disinfected. These three diseases 

 are making rapid headway and the or- 

 chardist should give careful attention to 

 the pruning of his trees. 



IN THE GARDEN 



A fall cleaning of the garden is even 

 more imperative than that of the orchard 

 on account of the smaller area under in- 

 tensive cultivation. The great majority 

 of the species of cutworms hibernate in 

 the caterpillar stage, and lie concealed 

 beneath old boards, clods, and so forth. 

 The presence of poultry in the fall in the 

 garden is conducive to the destruction 

 of these as well as of many other hiber- 

 nating insects. Such common sucking 

 insects as the Tarnished Plant Bug 

 (Lygus pratensis), the Squash Bug 

 (Anasa tristis), the Leaf Hoppers (Jassi- 

 dae), the pupae of the Squash-borer, the 

 adults of the two species of Cucumber 

 Beetles, and even the Potato Beetle, are 



destroyed in large numbers by a careful 

 fall cleaning of rubbish. 



Deep fall plowing is a good practice, 

 as many cutworms, wireworms, and 

 white grubs and eggs of grasshoppers 

 are killed by exposure to their enemies 

 and to the freezing effects of winter. 



BIRDS HELP 



Probably the most important single 

 factor in the control of the insects of the 

 orchard and garden is the presence of 

 winter birds such as the chickadees, nut- 

 hatches, kinglets, and woodpeckers, 

 which feed upon the eggs of plant-lice, 

 tent-caterpillars, fall cankerworms, the 

 larvae of the codling moth, and the grubs 

 of the shot-hole and apple tree borers. 

 Hawks and owls are also' extremely bene- 

 ficial on account of their destruction of 

 field mice, and should be encouraged. 

 The birds can readily be attracted to 

 orchards in fall and winter if baits of 

 bone, meat, and suet are tied among the 

 branches. 



Clean culture in the garden, as in the 

 orchard, in the autumn, the gathering 

 and burning of the rubbish of dead stalks 

 and leaves, prevents the development of 

 many fungous diseases. For example, 

 potatoes affected with rot and scab, tur- 

 nips and cabbages with clubfoot, aspara- 

 gus with rust, and raspberries and 

 blackberries with orange-rust, should be 

 destroyed by burning, and not fed to 

 stock or thrown on the compost or man- 

 ure heap. In fact, with most of the 

 common diseases one of the best pre- 

 ventive remedies is clean culture in the 

 autumn. 



Finally, but not least important, is 

 the value of cooperation among fruit- 

 growers for the prevention of attacks by 

 insects and fungi. It is very essential 

 that all owners of orchards and gardens, 

 for example, do this important work of 

 fall cleaning if the beneficial effects of 

 the work. are to be obtained. Municipal 

 or state control would be advisable from 

 the standpoint of prevention of losses. 



Common Mistakes in Marketing Fruit 



p. J. Carey, Dominion Fruit In«pector, Toronto 



The Effect of Brown Rot on Plums 



These mummified plums, as found on trees in 



February, still retain the ability to give 



off spores. 



THERE is one aim that stands out 

 above all others in the minds of 

 those engaged in any particular 

 business, and that is to so shape or man- 

 ipulate their operations as to enable 

 them to secure the greatest possible 

 profits. In order to reach this degree 

 of perfection, there are two great es- 

 sentials, namely, a close and careful 

 study of conditions surrounding the par- 

 ticular business in which one is engaged, 

 and then the application of business me- 

 thods. This, perhaps, will apply more 

 forcibly to fruit handling than to any 

 other business. 



In approaching the subject, "Com- 

 mon Mistakes in Marketing Fruit," one 

 is likely to reach the conclusion, after a 



study of the history of the fruit business 

 up to a few years ago, that it has been 

 one huge mistake or that it has consist- 

 ed of a succession of mistakes. Per- 

 haps the greatest mistake has been the 

 one that was made by the grower when 

 he divorced himself from the idea that 

 he had anything to do with the market- 

 ing of his fruit. The common impres- 

 sion with the average grower seems to 

 have been that when he placed the tree 

 in the ground there his responsibility 

 ended, and that every step to be taken 

 further until the fruit reached the con- 

 sumer, was within the province of 

 dealers. This being the case the grower 

 was not as interested in growing a good 

 quality of fruit, nor in its proper har- 



