240 



THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIEW 



With team and scraper it will be an 

 easy matter to scoop out most of the 

 earth for the excavation. So far, 

 so good. Now, of what material, 

 •<nd how shall the walls and roof be 

 built ? If we knew, positively, that we 

 were going to occupy the same loca- 

 tions for 15 or 20 years, it might be 

 advisable to build walls of stone or 

 cement, but most of the bees that we 

 are managing in this region belong to 

 other people. In two or three years 

 the owners may decide to sell out, or 

 to run their own bees; or we may find 

 other locations that are more desirable. 

 There are various reasons why we 

 wish to build these cellars with the 

 least possible expense, so that the loss 

 will not be great should it become de- 

 sirable to abandon them. 



Years ago, when living at Rogers- 

 ville, I built such a cellar, and sided 

 it up with logs — built a regular log 

 house, and laid large, well-seasoned, 

 oak rails across, put on some straw, 

 and covered the whole with two or 

 three feet of earth. No roof was put 

 on over the earth, and the water 

 trickled down through in wet times. I 

 think there ought to be a roof over a 

 cellar like this, although bees wintered 

 perfectly in this one. It lasted some 

 seven or eight years, then the rails 

 and timbers rotted, and it caved in. I 

 might build such a cellar up here, but, 

 even in this wooden country' logs have 

 a most decided cash value; besides, 

 there is considerable labor attached to 

 the cutting, hauling and putting of 

 them in place. People in this par;.c'' 

 the country no ledger build -.og li' : j.s 

 — li,'mber is cheaper. 



I,r ''^avanagh had one eel; •. ■ the 

 wal;-* of whici) >• t-e co < ' oi" cedar 

 posts set on onci. aw.' tiic ■ .; vvas of 

 the same material covered with straw 

 and eanu, with a roof over aU. Tl)is 

 would be quite desirabl", V^it it •.va^; 

 quitfi a lii'le work to build it 



1 haJ t!i.. -^ht of setting up •.•fi,';r 

 posts arounu ^. •*^«;'', .•,:■ ' u 



perhaps four feet apavt, and boarding 

 up with hemlock lumber, which is 

 quite cheap in this region. I would 

 have "jilates" laid along on top of 

 the posts, also a "ridge pole" in the 

 center supported with posts, and \ny 

 cedar fence posts from the plates to the 

 ridge pole, covering the poles with 

 straw, then with earth, and putting on 

 a roof over all. If there is a better 

 way, tell me. 



■ »»^«^«jr«.*»*«. 



Black Brood and Foul Brood. 



Perhaps we may as well begin to 

 learn to call the latter American fouj 

 brood, and the former Europe, n foul 

 brood, as this seems to be the d'^cision 

 of a majority of he inspectors. 



I have spent several days in the 

 Southwestern pa^t of Michigan, where 

 foul brood of the European variety, the 

 so-called black brood, has gotten quite 

 a foot-hold. During two of these days, 

 Mr. N. E. France was with me, taking 

 observations, that he might be able 

 to recognize the pest should it ap- 

 pear in his State. One day, Dr. E. 

 F. Phillips, of Washington, D. C , was 

 with us. By the waj'. Dr. Phillips has 

 been out during most of the working 

 season of the present year, observing 

 and studyingv these two types of foul 

 brood. Much of the time has been 

 spent with the inspectors of New York, 

 and it is doubtful if there is anj'one 

 more thoroug-hl}' informed on this sub- 

 ject than is Dr. Phillips. 



There are wide differences between 

 these two types of the disease, and it 

 would be difficult to say which was 

 the more destructive or difficult to cope 

 with. Black brood, or P^uropean foul 

 biood, is certainly more virulent than 

 is the did fashioned or American foul 

 brooj, vvben it first appears in a 

 locality, but, after which, in two or 

 tliree years, it often loses its virulence 

 in a Urge degree. Two years ago, 

 when I first found the disease near 

 i><j'.r .igiac, '* ^vovild wipe out full col- 



