580 



THE BEE-KEEPERS' REVIE-W 



been advocated in the bee journals, 

 particularly for European foul brood, 

 with a view to saving- combs from in- 

 fected colonies. The cautious bee- 

 keeper will hardly experiment with 

 such methods, especially when the 

 disease is just starting in his locality 

 or apiary, but will eradicate the dis- 

 ease at once by means already well 

 tried. 



In all cases great care should be ex- 

 ercised that the bee-keeper ma}' not 

 himself spread the infection by hand- 

 ling healthy colonies before thoroughly 

 disinfecting his hands, hive tools, and 

 even smoker. Since it takes but a 

 ver}' small amount of infected material 

 to start disease in a previousl}' health}^ 

 colony, it is evident that too much care 

 cannot be taken. In no case should 

 honey from unknown sources be used 

 for feeding bees. Care should also be 

 exercised in buying queens, since dis- 

 ease is often transmitted in the candy 

 used in shipping cases. Combs should 

 not be moved from hive to hive in 

 infected apiaries. 



"pickled brood." 



There is a diseased condition of the 

 brood called by bee-keepers "pickled 

 brood," but practically n>Ahing is 

 known of its cause. It is characterized 

 by a swollen watery appearance of the 

 larva, usuall}' accompanied by black 

 color of the head. The larvae usually 

 lie on their backs in the cell, and the 

 head points upward. The color 

 gradually changes from light to brown 

 after the larva dies. There is no ropi- 

 ness, and the only odor is that of sour 



decaying matter, not at all like that of 

 American foul brood. In case the 

 larvae are capped over, the cappings 

 do not become dark, as in the case of 

 the contagious diseases, but they may 

 be punctured. So far no cause can be 

 given for this disease, and whether or 

 not it is contagious is a disputed point. 

 Usually no treatment is necessary be- 

 yond feeding during a dearth of honey, 

 but in very rare cases when the majority 

 of larvae in a comb are dead from 

 this cause the frame should be 

 removed and a clean comb put in its 

 place to make it unnecessary for the 

 bees to clean out so much dead brood. 



CHILLED, OVER HEATED, AND STARVED 

 BROOD. 



Many different external factors may 

 cause brood to die. Such dead brood 

 is frequently mistaken, by persons un- 

 familiar with the brood diseases, for 

 one or the other of them. Careful ex- 

 amination will soon determine whether 

 dead brood is the result of disease or 

 merely some outside change. If brood 

 dies from chilling or some other 

 such cause, it is usually soon carried 

 out by the workers and the trouble dis- 

 appears. No treatment is necessary. 

 Brood which dies from external causes 

 often produces a strong odor in the 

 colony, but wholly unlike that of 

 American foul brood, merely that of 

 decaying matter. The color of such 

 brood varies, but the characteristic 

 colors of the infectious diseases are 

 usually absent, the ordinary color of 

 dead brood being more nearl.v gray. 



General Index to Volume XIX. 



INDEX TO SUBJECTS. 



A< klin. Death of J. C 179 



Advanced Bee Veil 180 



Advanced Bee Culture 14 



Ad vertisingr Honey at Fairs 21,S 



Adulteration Stories 54 



Alexander Method of Treating^ Foul Brood... 212 



Aspinwall Hive 88 



Automatic Cover for Wheelbarrows 305 



Black Brood and Foul Brood 239 



Black Brood 217, 239 



Breeding^ of Bees, Some Considerations on the . . 145 



Burying Bees 310 



Cau jasians 238, 312 



Candy. Dantrer in Queen Cagre 218 



Candying- in the Comb, Honey 115 



Cement. Mortar and Concrete 242 



Cellars, Building Cheap 309 



Cellar, How Shall we Build a Cheap 239 



Cement Hive Stands 205, 2li 



Cellar-Wintering m Warm Climates 213 



Changeableness of Honey Resources 180 



Chicago Convention 17 



Cleaning Honey Boards 305 



Cleaning up E.xtracting Combs 281 



Clamps, vv intering Hees in 340 



Cleats on Hive Covers 211 



Co-Operation in New York 278 



Combs, Cleaning up Extracting 218 



