Cojitents. 



PAGE 



animals for pain and enjoyment. — Psychological effects of sensations 

 in animals. — Fear, anger, joy, grief, shame. — The desires. — Esthetic 

 nature of animals. — Animals learn by experience.— Their actions com- 

 pared with those of man. — Taming and trapping animals. — Memory of 

 animals.— Dreaming.— Summation of the argument. — Instinct the con- 

 trolling power.— The rights of animals 187 



LECTURE IX. 



INSTINCT IN MAN GROWING OUT OF HIS APPETITES. — ANIMAL 

 IN THEIR ORIGIN. 



Man and animals compared.— Observation and study a necessity for 

 man. — The higher ruling principle. — Free personality. — Complexity of 

 man's nature. — Origin and use of the appetites. — Narrow range of 

 animal instinct in the child. — Nursing.— Fear. — Moral instincts.— Ani- 

 mal instincts to be governed.— Marriage.— The desires.— Desire of life, 

 of knowledge, of power, of esteem, of society. — Revolutions and 

 reformations.— Summation of activities 211 



LECTURE X. 



RELATION OF THE INSTINCTIVE PRINCIPLES OF ACTION TO THE ' 

 RATIONAL AND MORAL NATURE OF MAN. 



Intuitions and instincts.— Something must be given as a basis for reason- 

 ing and for acting. — Agricultural ants. — Belief in the uniformity of 

 natural phenomena, from observation. — Instinct acts in reference to 

 contingent events.— Purposes for which instinctive principles are 

 needed by man.— The desires. — The affections.— Love of society. — 

 Knowledge, property, power, esteem. — Faith. — Benevolence. — Need 

 of guidance in man. — The ruling power. — Conflict between the higher 

 and lower instincts. — The comprehending power. — Difference between 

 man and the highest animals. — " Ought." — Sense of obligation 229 



LECTURE XL 



THE MORAL INSTINCTS. — OBLIGATION. 



Law of being defined. — Relation of men and animals to this law.— Con- 

 ditions under which obligation arises.- Man's freedom.— Self-denial.— 

 Effects of ignorance.— Relation of obligation to the judgment.— Double 

 action of obligation.— Doing right because it is right.— Obligation to do 

 justly.- Four manifestations of obligation.— Its action compared with 



