LECTURE VIII. 



HIGHER CHARACTER OF ANIMALS. — ANIMALS COM- 

 PARED WITH MAN. 



Knowledge from Experience.— Do animals thiitk?— Definition of 

 thinking.— Conditions of the act to be studied.— Diffictdty of tJie 

 work.— Condition of the animal.— Physical structure and growth 

 in Men and Animals.— The Senses in both.— Physiological like- 

 ness.— Capacity of Atiimals for Pain and Enjoyment.— Psycho- 

 logical effects of sensations in Animals.— Fear, Anger, Joy, Grief 

 Shame.— The Desires.— Esthetic nature of Animals.— Anhnals 

 learn by expeHence.— Their actions compared with those of man.— 

 Ta?jiing and trapping Animals.— Memory of Animals.— Drea?n- 

 ing.— Summary of the Argument.— Instinct the controlling pow- 

 er.- The Rights of Animals. 



Animals are plainly guided by some principle of 

 voluntary action, which secures comphcated results 

 necessary for their well-being, before they can have 

 experience, or instruction. These voluntary activ- 

 ities, rising above the functional activities, but 

 working in harmony with them, without experience, 

 or instruction, on the part of their possessor, secure 

 the welfare of the individual, and the continuance 

 of the species. These activities, taken together, 

 constitute INSTINCT ; as that word is generally un- 

 derstood. And Instinct, as thus defined, is un- 

 doubtedly the sole guide of many of the lower 

 tribes. We judge so, because they do not appear 

 to have the conditions for an experience ; and yet 



