ig6 Instinct. 



frightened, have the same relation to his ordinary 

 actions, as we observe in the case of men. We 

 have intimated that animals know certain enemies, 

 by a special instinct, such as men do not possess ; 

 but that question is not now under discussion. 

 The question is, as to the animal's having the emo- 

 tion of fear, from any cause ; and as to the Hkeness 

 of that emotion, to the emotion of fear in man. 



Animals fear things that cannot injure them, — 

 they judge, and very often misjudge. A horse is 

 frightened at an old newspaper, fluttering in the 

 street, or at a sudden light or sound, when no dan- 

 ger is near. He, to all appearances, has weak judg- 

 ment. He, like man, tries to avoid danger ; but he 

 is deceived by the semblance of the thing, as chil- 

 dren, or timid and ignorant men are. Then a word 

 from his master re-assures him ; if he has one, in 

 whom he has confidence. 



Consider, also, the emotion of anger. It is 

 manifested in animals, under the same conditions, 

 as in man. Take from a man, by force, that which 

 he desires to keep, and he is angry, — so is a dog. 

 The emotion of fear may be brought in to control 

 the natural effects of anger, in animals as well as in 

 men. Anger has the same effect upon the nervous 

 and muscular systems of each. The eyes glare, the 

 muscles become tense ; there is an eagerness to 

 fight, — to injure the aggressor, — and there seems 

 to be an insensibility to suffering, from wounds and 

 bruises. The tone of voice, in both men and ani- 

 mals, is changed by anger ; and the change in both 

 cases produces the same quality of voice. The emo- 



