Emotions, 197 



tion of anger is, then, we may fairly infer, alike in 

 both, — in its cause, and in its effect on the motions 

 of the body, its position, the voice and the act. 



If we consider the emotions of joy, grief and 

 shame, we shall find the similarity to hold. In the 

 dog, at least, the animal most easily studied, we 

 find them all manifested for like causes, and by like 

 motions of eye, head, limb and tone of voice, as in 

 man. A guilty dog drops the head and cannot 

 look his master in the eye, — he manifests a sense 

 of shame, when he is blamed, so that he thinks his 

 master judges him guilty, or worthy of punishment. 

 He watches the eye and voice of his master, for the 

 first indication of returning favor, and expresses his 

 delight as plainly as actions alone can express an 

 emotion. These higher animals even know how to 

 interpret the motions and tones of voice, that indi- 

 cate some of these emotions in men, when they 

 themselves are not directly concerned. 



In the appetites and simple emotions, we can, 

 then, make no distinction, in kind, between an ani- 

 mal and a man. The more closely we press the ex- 

 amination, the more marked does the likeness 

 appear. 



When we come to consider those instinctive im- 

 pulses called desires, as desire of life, of property, 

 of knowledge, of esteem and of power, the exami- 

 nation becomes more difficult. The animal seems 

 to fear a death, of which he could have no knowl- 

 edge ; and he fights for his own property, if it is only 

 a bone. He curiously tries to investigate the na- 

 ture of new objects, and unaccustomed sounds, if 



