286 histinct. 



It is impossible for any diagram to adequately 

 represent the complex powers of man or of ani- 

 mals in all their relations, — for the lowest powers 

 are often united in action with the highest, — but it 

 may do something to aid us in gaining a connected 

 view of the activities which we have investigated, so 

 far as our purpose required that we should investi- 

 gate them. 



We find at the basis of all activity, in animals 

 and men, the vegetative life, by which the body is 

 sustained and the species continued. Next to this, 

 comes the truly animal nature, as the condition for 

 sensation, reflex action, and sense-perceptions. 

 All these must be common to men and animals, as 

 the condition for instinctive action. In addition 

 to this machinery, we want impulse to action. And 

 as the first impulse to instinctive action, or one of 

 the first, we have the appetites which arise from the 

 functional activity of organs. They belong to the 

 vegetative life, but involve sensations and have no di- 

 rect dependence upon the will. Next in order we have 

 certain Instincts, which minister to these appetites, 

 or in other words, the animal has, as an original gift, 

 the knowledge and skill needed to enable him to 

 properly satisfy his appetites ; and this original 

 knowledge and skill constitute animal Instinct, — 

 Instinct in its lowest plane of action. 



We have regarded Instinct when used as a gen- 

 eral term, as simply a name for the peculiar action 

 of various powers ; and have shown that so far as 

 any animal is wanting in any instinct or power, in 

 the beginning of life, to care for himself, the lack 

 is suppHed by the Instinct of the parent. 



