Suininary. 291 



mands of animal life ; and to meet these demands 

 of wider range, we found impulses, or desires and 

 instincts, arising beyond the sphere of any specific 

 organization. Among the instinctive acts arising 

 from such impulses, we found the migration of ani- 

 mals, the storing of food for winter and the fear of 

 special enemies. 



We next traced the instincts related to special 

 structures, and those necessary for the existence of 

 certain communities of animals. So much we found 

 needful for adult individuals. But nature cares also 

 for the species ; in fact, among the lower animals 

 the care of the individual seems to have constant 

 reference to the preservation of the species. 



Here we found three distinct topics for discus- 

 sion, — the instincts of the young, to bring them 

 into relation with their parents and the world, — in- 

 stincts, which, like those of the gall-fly, demand 

 certain changes in other objects to complete their 

 work, — and the peculiar instincts of one stage of 

 being, preparatory to another, as seen in the devel- 

 opment of insects from the lowest form to the high- 

 est. We then treated of the variation of instinct, 

 through the abnormal conditions of domestication, 

 and of instinct, as the Law of animal life. 



At this point we gave a summary, showing 

 Instinct not to be the manifestation of any pe- 

 culiar principle, but to be simply a method of ac- 

 tion common to all beings and to all their powers, 

 in a certain stage of their activity, — involving 

 that impulse, knowledge and skill, which the being 

 must have as an original gift, as a basis for expe- 



