PENNATUI,IDA. 



In the group Peiinatiilccc^ the genus Halisceptriini Herkl. will have to be removed from the 

 family PoDiattilidcc to the family Virgularidcr] it is quite obvious that this genus is closely related 

 to the genus Virgularia itself; perhaps it might even be embodied into it (see later under Virgiilari/i)\ 

 further the genera of the family StylatulidcF show so close a resemblance to Virgnlai-in, thai they can 

 scarcely be regarded as forming a separate family; the\- are certainly more closeh- related to the genus 

 Virgularia than this genus is to the genera Scytalium Herkl. and Pavmiaria Koll. ; uw the other hand, 

 I should be inclined to separate these latter genera into a separate family (or, at all events, a sub- 

 family) characterized — in contradistinction to Virgularia and the Stylatulids (with the exception of 

 Acanthoptiluni) — among other things by the fact that the sexual organs are only developed in the 

 fully formed polyps of the older wings, and that new polyps, at any rate in the younger forms, bud 

 out on the upper, older part of the rhachis; in this family Pavoiiaridcv mihi must further be included a 

 member of the group Spicatcc^ viz. the genus Flaliptcris Koll., although its polyps are not united into 

 wings; but in most other features it shows the greatest resemblance to Pavonaria K61L, much more 

 than to Fiiniciiliiia, with which it has been placed by Kolliker. The genus Svava Kor. Dan., which 

 Studer has referred to the Stylatulids, Delage & Herouard to their VirgiilariiuF^ will have to be 

 dropped as a genus; it is only a species of the genus Virgic/nria; Lyg/is^ which in Del. & Her. is 

 given as a separate genus, is synonymous with Virgularia; and Radicipcs Stearns (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 

 Vol.6, 1883, p. 96, PI. VH) is no sea-pen at all, but a Gorgonid (a species of Strophogorgia Perc. Wr.); 

 the genera) of Gray: Ptilclla ^ Pliosphorella, Crispclla (the family Prima liilina'. Del. & Her.), and 

 Argentella (of their Pterocidcidiiue) have already, and certainly righth', been condemned by Kolliker 

 in his monograph. Further, the genus Stachypfilum Koll, in my opinion, is to be included in the 

 family Peniiatitlido'. 



In the group Spicalcr of Kolliker (= Uiiibellina -^ Juucina — the family ^^cretillincc in Del. & 

 Her.) the greatest alterations will ha\e to be made. In the first place the whole family Protucaiilidm 

 must be done away with: two of its genera, Protocaulon Koll. and Driifocaiiloii Marsh. «S: Fowl, because 

 they are young stages of Virg/tlaria-species, Cladisais Kor. Dan., because it is only a (wrongly inter- 

 preted) species of Virgularia ^ in reality identical with Svava Kor. Dan. (for further jDarticidars see 

 under Virgularia inirabilis and f. cladisms mihi). Consequently, all inquiry may be omitted with 

 regard to the question whether s Cladiscusy> is to be included in Proloplilida- or Prolocaulidce, and 

 whether Protocaulon and Drulocaiilon, as has been done by Del. & Her., ma}' be placed under the 

 family Kophobclemnonina:. 



Again, most members of the family Proloplilida: must be drojjped as separate genera. Pygo- 

 inorplia Kor. Dan. is a }-oung form of Haliplcris (for further particulars see under H. chrislii)\ Microp- 

 tihiin Koll. of Pavonaria; Lcptoptiluni Koll. and Tricliopliluin Koll. are young forms of Fniiuuliiia (see 

 under this latter); Guinicria Kor. Dan., which was inserted not only by the authors of the genu.s, but 

 also by Studer and Delage &. Her., is a wrongly determined Kopliobclci/iiioii (see under A', slflli- 

 feruiu); further, the genus Scleroptiluiii Koll. must be separated from this family; its poh'ps, in spite 

 of their dense provision of spicules, want a calyx, and it can only be b)- an oversight of Kolliker that 

 it has been placed in a family especially characterized by him as provided with a calyx. Finally we 

 have only left Protoplibmi Koll. and the later added Dislichoplilum Verrill. These two genera, at all 



