gg PENNATULIDA. 



given') in Grieg's review (Berg. Mus. Aarb. 1891) must be reduced to the following: Pennatula 

 phosphor ea, Penn. aculeata, Penn. grandis, Virgtdaria affinis, Virg. mirabilis. Virg. cladiscus, Stylatula 

 (Dilbenia) elcgans, Pavonaria finvmrchica, HaUpteris chrhtii, Protoptilum thomsoni, FzmicuUna qua- 

 drangularis, Kophobelenmon stclliferuni, Umbrllula encrinus. 



From the Fteroe Islands, Iceland, and Greenland no Pennatulid was hitherto known 

 (apart from Umbellida lindahli and the statement concerning Paz'onaria finmarchica, see p. 39). It has 

 now been proved that several species are found in the depths of the sea near these countries, also a 

 few in more shallow water. From the banks at the Faroes are now known Peimatula grandis 

 (numerous) and HaUpteris christil From more shallow water (less than 100 fathoms) at Iceland (the 

 Vestmau Islands) are now known: Pennatula phosphorra (var. Candida), Virgularia mirabilis, Virg. 

 cladiscus, and Stylatula (Dilbenia) elegans. From the fjords of the Fseroes and Iceland -in contrast 

 to those of Norway — sea-pens are now as little known as hitherto. This holds good also with 

 regard to the western fjords of Greenland. From the .sea*between Greenland and the American 

 polar islands only Umbellida lindahlii was previously known; this species has now been found again 

 farther south, in the Davis Straits, and to it are further to be added Pennatula aculeata, Penn. 

 prolifcra, Anthoptilum grandiflorum, Distichoptilum gracile, and Kophobelemnon stelli/erum, so that for 

 the present six species of sea-pens are known as «West-Greenland species. From East-Greenland 

 only one species, Umbellula encrinus, is known, and onh" from its northern part. 



The fact that the .species upon the whole divide into an Atlantic and an Arctic territory seems 

 to me, however, of greater interest than the reference of the species found to the fauna of the nearest 

 land. The boundary between these regions is very far from coinciding with the purely geographical 

 boundar\- of the Polar Circle between the Atlantic and the Arctic Oceans; it is contingent upon the 

 configuration of the bottom and the influence of this upon the temperature and currents of the sea. 



I have previously (Geograf. Tidsskrift, vol. 14, 1896—98, p. 38, and Forhdl. 15 Skand. Natur- 

 forskaremote i Stockholm 1898, pp. 271—74) tried to show that the submarine ridges connecting 

 Greenland with Iceland, Iceland with the Fceroe Isles, and these with the Scottish Isles, form a 

 boundary between an .\rctic and an Atlantic deep-sea fauna; on the one hand, the\- prevent directl\, 

 by their height, the wanderings of man\- forms, that is to say forms that may be supposed alwa)s 

 and in all ages to be confined to deptlis greater than 300 fathoms; on the other, the\' influence the 

 distribution of animals by producing a great climatic contrast in the sea-water and by deflecting the 

 currents. North of the ridges the temperature of the water from the bottom to about 300 fathoms 

 below the surface is constantly below zero, whilst south of the ridges it is always positive. The cold 

 northern basin forms part of a large and deep polar water which spreads farther north beyond the 

 large land-masses of the northern hemisphere, but in other places is also shut out from other ocean 

 depths by ridges or regions of more shallow water (Smith Sound etc., and the Behring Straits); the 

 deep, warm waters occurring south of the ridges pass evcuh into the great depths of the true 

 Atlantic, only forming the northern part of this Ocean; west of Greenland it passes far north right 

 through the Davis Straits and even .some wa>- into the Baffin Sea, constanth' with positive bottom 



M This account contains 30 species; but /.cp/op/i7ii»t gracile K611. var. norvegica Dan. Kor. has already been abandoned 

 l)v Orieg himself as a young stage of Funiculitia quadrangulai-is. Conip. p. 50. The account also, at the time it appeared, 

 should have contained 31 .species», as Koren's & Danielssen's Cladiscus Kollikeri has been forgotten. 



