30 BIOLOGY FOR BEGINNERS 



ology, Duggar, pp. 15-32; College Botany, Atkinson, pp. 1-12; Biology, 

 Calkins, pp. 6-25; Encyclopedia Britannica, articles on "Physiology," 

 "Protoplasm," "Protozoa." 



SUMMARY 



Protoplasm is the primary, essential living substance of all plants and 



animals. 

 A cell is the simplest unit of plant or animal structure. It consists of 



protoplasm, nucleus, and cell wall. 



A tissue is a group of similar cells having a special function. 

 An organ is a group of various tissues, having a general function. 

 A system is a group of organs concerned in one or more related functions. 



1. Protoplasm. 



Derivation: Protos, Plasma. 



Definition. 



Composition: C, H, O, N, S, P. 



Properties : 



(1) Takes and assimilates food. 



(2) Oxidizes and excretes waste. 



(3) Growth. 



(4) Motion. 



(5) Response to heat, light, etc. 



(6) Reproduction. 



2. The cell. 



Definition. 



Essential parts Function 



Protoplasm. Any of above properties. 



Cell wall. Gives form to cell. 



Nucleus. Controls growth and reproduction. 



(Diagram) 



3. Tissue. 



Definition. 

 Examples. 



4. Organ. 



Definition. 

 Examples. 



5. System. 



Definition. 

 Examples. 



6. Relation of Structure to Use.. 



Similarity of functions. 



Difference of structures. 



Adaptation or fitness of structure to function. 



7. Order for study. 



Structure, function, adaptation, 



