viii CONTENTS 



PAGE 



CHAPTER XIII. LEAF FUNCTIONS . . ^.^ 96 



Photosynthesis. Digestion. Assimilation. Respiration. Transpi- 

 ration. 



CHAPTER XIV. FLOWERS: POLLENATION AND FERTILIZATION 108 



Structure and function of flower parts. Adaptations for pollenation 

 by wind and insects. Pollen; Ovule; Fertilization stages. 



CHAPTER XV. FRUITS AND THEIR USES 118 



Definition; Types of fruits; Functions. Dispersal. Economic 

 importance. 



CHAPTER XVI. SPORE-BEARING PLANTS 127 



Classes of plants. Representatives. Fungi as type of spore plants. 



CHAPTER XVII. BACTERIA .' 133 



Kinds. Method of study. Useful and harmful forms. Natural and 

 artificial protection. Antiseptics. Disinfectants. History. 



CHAPTER XVIII. PROTOZOA 146 



Relation to higher animals. Amoeba and Paramoecium as types. 

 Life functions compared. 



CHAPTER XIX. METAZOA 154 



Development. Specialization. Classification. 

 CHAPTER XX. WORMS 161 



Representatives. Structure. Adaptations. Economic importance. 



Parasitism. Earthworm. Trichina. Hookworm. Tapeworm. 



CHAPTER. XXI. ARTHROPODS 172 



Characteristics. Classification. Scientific classification explained. 



CHAPTER XXII. CRUSTACEA, A CLASS OF ARTHROPODS 179 



Characteristics. Crayfish as type. Structure and adaptations of 

 crayfish. Homology. Life history. 



CHAPTER XXIII. INSECTS, A CLASS OF ARTHROPODS 192 



Characteristics. Grasshopper as type. Structure of grasshopper. 

 Adaptations. Life History. Economic importance. 



CHAPTER XXIV. INSECTS; BUTTERFLY, MOTH AND BEE 205 



Structure and adaptations of each. Communal life and specialization 

 of bee. Economic importance. 



CHAPTER XXV. INSECTS AND DISEASE 220 



Structure and Life History of Fly and Mosquito. Relation to dis- 

 ease; how proven. Means of prevention and control. 



CHAPTER XXVI. THE VERTEBRATES 234 



Classification of animals. Development. Classification and types 

 of vertebrates. 



