74 BIOLOGY FOR BEGINNERS 



3. Forked. (Ex.) 



4. Indefinite. (Ex.) 



Modification of Stems: 



1. Shortened stems. (Ex.) 



Advantages, escape grazing animals, or crushing. 

 Crowd away neighbors. 

 Retain water at roots. 



2. Creeping stems. (Ex.) 

 Advantages, widespread, little wood. 



Escape injury. 

 Propagation. 



3. Climbing stems. 



Advantages, escape from shade conditions. 



Expose leaves with little wood tissue. 

 Means of climbing: 



Twining. (Ex.) Method of operation. 



Tendrils. (Ex.) Method of operation. 



Adventitious roots. (Ex.) 



Leaf stalks. (Ex.) 



4. Fleshy stems. (Ex.) 



Advantages: Safe storage, early start, propagation. 

 Buds. 



Definition. 



Function. 



Adaptations: 



Scales. 



Gum or hairs. 



Woolly packing. 



Leaf arrangement. 

 Location. 



Manner of growth. 

 Bud scale scars. 



COLLATERAL READING 



Studies in Plant Life, Atkinson, pp. 33-39; Lessons with Plants, Bailey, 

 pp. 1-44; School and Field Botany, Gray, pp. 27-32, 69-70; Plant Rela- 

 tions, Coulter, pp. 53-87; Botany for Schools, Atkinson, pp. 37-60; Text- 

 book of Botany, Gray, pp. 45-51, 69-85; Kerner and Oliver, Vol. I, Part 

 2, pp. 465-482, 710-736; Plant Life and Uses, Coulter, pp. 143-198; 

 Experiments in Plants, Osterhout, pp. 224-285; Plants and their Children, 

 Dana, pp. 112-124; Applied Biology, Bigelow, pp. 163-188; Structural 

 Botany, Gray, pp. 50-64, 70-82; Plant Structures, Coulter, pp. 280-296; 

 Lessons in Botany, Atkinson, pp. 61-68; Elementary Studies in Botany, 

 Coulter, pp. 224-252. 



