218 BIOLOGY FOR BEGINNERS 



V, X, pp. 181-294; Handbook of Nature Study, Comstock, pp. 308-451; 

 Life in Ponds and Streams, Furneaux, pp. 202-345; Life and Her Chil- 

 dren, Buckley, pp. 201-268; Insect Friends and Foes, Craigin, pp. 53-76; 

 Insect Life of Farm and Garden, Sanderson, see index; Insects Injurious 

 to Fruits, Saunders, see index; Injurious and Useful Insects, Miall, see 

 index; Insects and Insecticides, Weed, see index; Insects Injurious to 

 Vegetation, Chittenden, see index; Insect Pests of Farm and Garden, 

 see index; Insects Injurious to Trees, N. Y. State Report; Economic 

 Entomology, Smith, pp. 11-51, 79-100; Economic Zoology, Osborne, pp. 

 235-310; Economic Zoology, Kellogg and Doane, pp. 14-25, 125-182; 

 Life Histories of American Insects, Weed, see index; Insect Book, 

 Howard, pp. 332-346; Butterfly Book, Holland; Moth Book, Holland; How 

 to Know the Butterflies, Comstock; Cornell Leaflets (bound volume), 

 1894-1904, pp. 135-140; Cornell Leaflets, pp. 226-261; Cornell Leaflets, 

 pp. 529-557; Cornell Leaflets, pp. 213-223; Cornell Leaflets, 1915, pp. 

 153-190; Cornell Leaflets, 1916, pp. 122-152. 



SUMMARY 



Lepidoptera (scale winged) moths and butterflies. 



1. Structure: 



Head, antennae, knobbed or feather shaped. 

 Compound eyes. 



Mouth parts (adapted for sucking nectar). 

 Labrum and mandibles reduced. 

 Maxillae form proboscis. 

 Labium reduced to palpi. 

 Thorax, 



Legs small and weak. 



Wings large, few veins, scaled, slow motion. 

 Abdomen, 



Little specialized. 



2. Life history (complete metamorphosis): 



Egg laid on food plants. 



Larva, caterpillar (eating stage), harmful. 



Pupa, cocoon or chrysalis (quiet stage), silk. 



Adult, moth or butterfly (reproductive stage) pollenation. 



Hymenoptera (membrane winged) bees, ants, and wasps. 

 1. Structure: 



Head, antennae, short, elbowed. 

 Eyes very large. 



Mouth parts (adapted for biting, lapping, and sucking). 

 Labrum, small, triangular. 

 Mandibles, sharp for biting. 

 Maxillae, long, sharp, for cutting wax, etc. 

 Labium, tongue-like, for lapping nectar. 



