250 BIOLOGY FOR BEGINNERS 



Kelley, p. 305; Elementary Zoology, Packard, pp. 142-175; Animal 

 Structures, French, pp. 169-178; Winners in Life's Race, Buckley, pp. 

 20-42; Economic Zoology, Osborne, pp. 338-355; Elementary Lessons in 

 Zoology, Needham, pp. 161-378; Practical Zoology, Davidson, pp. 185- 

 199; Comparative Zoology, Kingsley, pp. 21-39; Elementary Zoology, 

 Galloway, pp. 281-295; Elements of Biology, Hunter, pp. 271-278; Ap- 

 plied Biology, Bigelow, pp. 419-424; Elementary Biology, Peabody and 

 Hunt, pp. 120-137; Forms of Animal Life, Rolleston, pp. 83-102. 



Advanced works on structure: Advanced Zoology, Packard, pp. 411-460; 

 Textbook of Zoology, Claus and Sedgwick, pp. 120-150; Forms of Animal 

 Life, Rolleston, pp. 83-98; Anatomy of the Vertebrates, Huxley, pp. 59-65. 



Classification and kinds of fish: American Food and Game Fish, Jordan 

 (key), pp. 29-34; Elements of Zoology, Davenport, pp. 298-324; Fresh 

 Water Aquarium, Eggeling, pp. 107-216; Pet Book, Comstock, pp. 226-245; 

 Handbook of Natural History, Comstock, pp. 149-180; Nature Study 

 Leaflets (bound), Cornell, pp. 157-166; Winners in Life's Race, Buckley, 

 pp. 43-69. 



Economic Value and Life History: Fishes (life history), Jordan, pp. 1-24; 

 Fishes (as food), Jordan, pp. 129-148; Familiar Fish (propagation), Mc- 

 Carthy, Chap. 2; American Natural History, Hornaday, pp. 375-377; 

 Practical Biology, Smallwood, pp. 103-112; U. S. Fish Commission Report, 

 1897; Economic Zoology (good), Kellogg and Doane, Chap. 21; Elementary 

 Biology, Peabody and Hunt, pp. 137-150; Talks About Animals, pp. 7-35; 

 Animal Life, Thompson, pp. 109-110, 253-256. 



SUMMARY 



Characteristics: bony skeleton, gills, scales, fins. 

 External Structure. 



Shape, spindle outline for easy swimming. 



Scales, for protection and ease of motion (cf. crayfish). 



Head. 



Mouth and teeth for prehension and defence. 



Nasal cavities for smell, not breathing. 



Eyes, with lens, cornea, etc., but no lids (cf. crayfish). 



Ears, internal, detect vibration or balance. 

 Gills. 



Gill openings, two at sides of head. 



Operculum, cover over gills. 



Gill arches, four, bony, hook shaped, support the 



Filaments, numerous, much surface, thin, capillaries. 



Gill rakers, clean and spread arches. 

 Trunk. 



Lateral line, for depth sense. 



Fins, a double membrane supported by rays. 



Paired, pelvic, posterior, for locomotion and balance, 

 pectoral, anterior, for locomotion and balance. 



