320 BIOLOGY FOR BEGINNERS 



Ungulates. 



Characteristics, hoofed, vegetable food, large size. 

 Limbs for locomotion only. 

 Not more than four toes. 

 Odd toed, horse, rhinoceros, tapir. 

 Even toed. 



Non-ruminant, pig, hippopotamus. 



Ruminant, cow, bison, sheep, goat (hollow permanent horns), deer, 



elk, moose (solid, shed horns). 

 Characteristics of ruminant stomach. 

 Reason for ruminant habit. 

 Value to man. 



Food, meat, and milk, with all related products. 

 Wool, leather, horn, etc. 



Transportation, horse, ox, camel, mule, llama, etc. 

 Carnivora. 



Specialized for pursuit (ungulates for escape). 

 Characteristics. 



Small incisors, interlocking canines, shear molars. 

 Strong jaws, jaw muscles, and immovable hinge. 

 Light strong body, keen senses, claws. 



Aquatic forms (short limbs, webbed toes), seal, walrus, etc. 

 Land forms (long limbs, separate toes). 

 Plantigrade, bear, raccoon. 

 Intermediate, mink, weasel, otter, skunk. 

 Digitigrade (claws not retractile), dog, wolf, fox. 

 Digitigrade (claws retractile), cat, lion, tiger, etc. 

 Value to man. 



Few for food, many for furs, aid in chase, enemies. 

 Primates. 



Representatives, gorilla, chimpanzee, orang-utan, monkeys, gibbons, 



lemurs, man. 

 Characteristics. 



Generalized structure (meaning). Higher brain. 

 Man resembles other primates in 

 Skeleton, muscles, teeth, eyes, hand, habits. 

 Man differs from other primates in 



Erect position, shorter arms, balanced head, forehead. 

 Smaller canines, non-opposible toe. 

 Brain and intelligence which results in 

 Tool using, fire control, language. 

 Social and moral development, mind, reason. 

 Factors in nian's development. 



Erect attitude, and its consequences. 

 Hand free for prehension. 

 Brain development resulting as above. 

 Relationship of man and other primates via a common ancestry, not by 



"missing links." 

 (See Hornaday for pictures of all mammals, especially primates.) 



