460 



BIOLOGY FOR BEGINNERS 



Cotton waste, linen, and jute are important paper materials while 

 in Japan the young stems of the paper mulberry are used. 



Timber. The matter of timber structure and of forest products 

 in general will be taken up later. The uses of timber are so numer- 

 ous that only a few can be mentioned; among these are: 



General building 

 Ships 

 Vehicles 

 Pavements 

 Railroad ties 



Furniture 



Boxes 



Bridges 



Poles 



Mine timbers 



FIG. 146. Harvesting cork. (Figuier.) From Sargent. 



Willow, ash, and hickory are split for making baskets, chairs, 

 and hats; rattan and wicker work are from similar sources. Pine 

 and spruce furnish excelsior for packing. Cedar supplies our 

 pencils, and mahogany and other fine woods are cut into veneers. 



Two other very valuable tree products, though not timbers, 

 are cork and rubber. Cork is obtained from the bark of the cork 

 oak which grows largely in Southern Europe and is used not only 

 for stoppers, but to make linoleum, life preservers, packing, arti- 

 ficial limbs, handles, etc. 



