474 BIOLOGY FOR BEGINNERS 



5. Furnish honey and wax (bees). 



6. Furnish dye (cochineal red from a scale insect). 



7. Furnish shellac (gum secreted by a scale insect). 



8. Furnish ink material (gall insects). 



The following are some of the common injurious insects, which 

 you should know by sight, so as to destroy them whenever possible. 



FRUIT TREE PESTS 



Tent Caterpillar. Makes web nests in apple and cherry trees. 

 Caterpillar dark, with white stripe; moths light brown with white 

 stripe on front wings; eggs in belts around small twigs. Treat- 

 ment: collect and burn egg masses; destroy nests; spray with 

 poison early in the spring. 



Codlin Moth. The familiar " apple worm " is the larva. 

 Eggs laid in young apple just after petals form, the larva hatches 

 in a few days and feeds around the core, making the " wormy " 

 apple. Treatment: spray with poison just after petals have fallen 

 and before the larva can get inside the fruit or calyx. This in- 

 sect costs New York state $3,000,000 per year. 



Scale Insects. Small circular or oval scales on bark; these are 

 the bodies of the females under which eggs are deposited. Each 

 scale insect sucks its nourishment from the juices of the plant and 

 by their large numbers do great damage. Treatment: spray with 

 crude petroleum emulsion before buds start in spring; spray with 

 kerosene or whale oil emulsion during summer. 



SHADE TREE PESTS 



Tussock Moth. Handsome caterpillars with three black tufts, 

 four white tufts, and red head. Eggs covered by frothy white 

 substance. Treatment: destroy egg masses and use poison sprays. 



Cottony Maple Scale. Masses of cotton-like scales on twigs 

 and leaves suck nourishment from tree like all scale insects. 

 Treatment: spray with kerosene or whale oil soap emulsions. 



Borers. Larvae of various beetles bore under the bark and into 

 wood, loosening the bark, and killing trees; the irregular grooves 



