498 BIOLOGY FOR BEGINNERS 



extent, forests affect climate by their action as a protection from 

 wind or sun. 



Forests as Home for Birds and Game. This is a matter often 

 overlooked, but when we recall the enormous economic value of 

 birds, and realize that they depend largely on the forests for their 

 home, the importance of this factor is apparent. As a home for 

 fur-bearing animals, game, and fish the forests also are important 

 to man in many relations little realized. 



Forest Products. When the economic value of forests is men- 

 tioned one naturally thinks of the lumber and other direct prod- 

 ucts as the most important. While not equal to those already 

 mentioned, the variety and value of the manufactured forest 

 products is enormous. 



Time will not permit discussing each in detail so, in the tabula- 

 tion which follows, some of the most important items are mentioned. 



FOREST PRODUCTS 



1. Timber products. 



Lumber Laths 



Shingles Veneers 



Railroad ties Poles 



Mine timbers Ship timbers 



2. Paper (spruce, poplar, etc.). 



3. Fuel (wood, charcoal, coal). 



4. Naval stores (pitch, tar, turpentine, rosin). 



5. Tanning material (hemlock and oak bark). 



6. Maple sugar. 



7. Spruce gum. 



8. Distillation products Uses 



charcoal fuel 



lamp black ink 



tar tar paper, wagon grease, and wood 



preservation 



oil varnish, soap, disinfectants, ink 



oxalic acid dyeing, bleaching, making formic 



acid 



acetic acid white lead paint, dyes, and medi- 



cines 



wood alcohol varnish, solvent, dyes, denaturing 



alcohol, fuel, making formalde- 

 hyde, and smokeless powder 



acetone explosives, films, dyes, and solvent 



