538 BIOLOGY FOR BEGINNERS 



the jelly-like substance in the cells but it was not until 1846 that 

 von Mohl called it "protoplasm" and fifteen years later, 1861, 

 Schultze showed that it was the fundamental material of both 

 plants and animals. 



Louis Pasteur. Probably no one has applied biology to benefit 

 mankind to a greater degree than Louis Pasteur, born in France 

 in 1822: died 1895, " the most perfect man in the realm of 

 science." In 1857 he showed the relation of bacteria to fermenta- 

 tion and greatly benefited the wine industry of France by his 



FIG. 164. The earliest known picture of cells from 

 Hooke's Micrographia (1665). Edition of 1780. 

 From Locy. 



investigations. In 1865-68 a disease attacked the silk worms of 

 France and Italy and threatened to wipe out the industry. 

 Pasteur traced this to bacterial attack, and was able to suggest 

 means by which the silk business was saved. 



Later his attention was turned to chicken cholera and other 

 animal diseases and from his researches along these lines he de- 

 veloped the treatment by inoculation, and laid the foundation 

 for all modern serum and anti-toxin treatments. 



His most famous work was done in the treatment of rabies, 



