218 THE AMERICAN FARMER, 



ground, and sow either broadcast, or drill in furrow opened with shovel-plow, covering with 

 scooter furrow on each side. Block off or run over lightly with harrow and board attached 

 Again, they are drilled in every fourth furrow, when turning over the stubble, the succeed 

 ing furrow covering the peas. When either of these last modes of planting is adopted, the 

 peas should receive one good plowing out when they are from four to six inches high. 



When planted in corn (the corn should have been drilled in rows five feet apart), they 

 should be step-dropped in a furrow equally distant from each corn-row, and covered with 

 scooter, with harrow or with block. This should be last of May or in the first ten days of June. 

 The only work they receive when planted in corn, is a shovel or sweep furrow run around them 

 when the corn is being &quot; laid by,&quot; unless there is much grass, when it becomes necessary to give 

 them light hoeing. The crop might be said to be made almost without work when planted 

 with corn; in fact, it is often so made by those planters who sow peas broadcast in their corn, 

 and cover them with the last plowing given the corn. 



There is much diversity of opinion as to the proper treatment of the vines in curing 

 them for winter hay. And as much has been written upon the subject, the writer feels 

 some diffidence in giving his own views. Suffice it to say, the great end to be attained is to 

 cure the vines to the extent only of getting rid of a part of the succulent moisture in the vine, 

 without burning up the leaves. When exposed to too much heat, the leaves fah 1 very readily 

 from the stems, and are lost. 



When put up too green and too compactly, they heat, and when fermentation of the 

 juices in the vine and unripe pods occurs, the hay is seriously damaged, if not completely 

 spoiled. Mildewed hay of any kind is but poor food for stock, and when eaten is only taken 

 from necessity to ward off starvation. Some planters house their pea-hay in open sheds, or 

 loosely in barns, with rails so fixed as to prevent compacting. Others stack in the open air 

 around poles having limbs from two to four feet long, to keep the mass of vines open to the 

 air, and cover the top with grass. 



There is a diversity of opinions as to the proper manner of curing and preserving this 

 hay, but there is none as to the value of this rich food for all stock, and especially for the 

 milch-cow in increasing the quality and quantity of her milk.&quot; 



Lupine (Lupinus). This is the name given to plants constituting the large genus Lupi- 

 nus, of the order Leguminosae. Its generic name is derived from the Latin lupus, a wolf, in 

 allusion to its ravenous appetite for certain alkaline constituents of soils, which it possesses to 

 the extent that, if cultivated and carried off the land for several years in succession, it will 

 exhaust the soil of alkaline properties ; but where it is plowed under, or fed to cattle or sheep 

 upon the land, its effect is beneficial in enriching it. 



The lupines are distinguished from other cultivated leguminous plants by their strong 

 branching habit of growth, and their handsome palmate leaves. One of the principal advan 

 tages of cultivating lupines is that they will thrive on very poor sandy gravels, .and thin clays, 

 greatly benefiting the latter. They also make excellent green manure, while the seeds, which 

 are large when well soaked in water, make very good food for cattle. Sheep will thrive well 

 on the green plants, which they eat with great relish. 



The plants are easily injured by the frost. The lupine has been cultivated in Italy and 

 France, and some other portions of Europe for ages. The yellow variety has there nearly 

 superseded the white, on account of its being more hardy and better able to endure frost. 

 Attempts have been made at different times to introduce the cultivation of this plant into the 

 Southern States, which have not been very successful. We see no reason why it should not 

 prove beneficial as a rotation crop in that section, on lands that are too exhausted to bear 

 clover well. The seeds should not be planted until the season is sufficiently advanced for the 

 grass to be quite green. From forty to sixty quarts of seed per acre are required, sowed 

 broadcast, and h-arrowed in lightly. Care must be taken not to cover the seeds too deep, or 



