WATER SUPPLY FOR THE FARM. 527 



ance, very much greater than it is commonly considered. If you are going to plant seeds, 

 the fruit of trees, in a place which is not protected, it will be always advisable to have a 

 hedge or a fence built up between them and the sun, so that they shall not be exposed to the 

 full heat of summer.&quot; 



Transplanting Trees. At the North, trees are transplanted, both in the autumn 

 and spring. Both practices have their advocates, who use strong arguments in favor of their 

 respective theories. As a general rule, we should recommend that it be done in the spring, 

 just before the leaf buds begin to swell. When performed in the autumn, it should be late 

 in the season, after all the leaves have fallen. At the South, an intermediate time is most 

 favorable, which is in mid-winter. 



The soil for the reception of the roots should be finely pulverized, and the opening in the 

 earth be made sufficiently large to accommodate the size and extension of the roots. If the 

 work be carelessly performed, the growth of the tree will be liable to be checked considera 

 bly, or it may die altogether. Many valuable trees are annually lost by indifference or care 

 lessness in transplanting. A cloudy day, or towards night, is the best time; or, better still, 

 just preceding a rain. Wetting the soil freely about the roots is a good plan while setting, 

 if there is no immediate prospect of rain. 



All mutilated portions of the roots should be trimmed off, the tree set to the same depth 

 in the soil that it was before being taken up, and the soil carefully pressed upon the roots. 

 Tender trees may require some shading for a few days after transplanting, until the roots 

 become well established in the soil. 



If the tree transplanted has attained a considerable size, it will be well to protect it from 

 being blown about by the wind, by driving a stake near the trunk, to which the latter may 

 be tied. 



The bark of the tree should be protected from rubbing by a piece of cloth or other sub 

 stance being wrapped around before tying. In transplanting young trees for a forest, a suffi 

 cient allowance of space should be made for the size of the tree when grown, if it is not 

 intended to thin out at different stages of their growth. Where the latter is the object, the 

 planting can be much closer, and, when partially grown, a portion of the timber can be 

 removed, leaving the remainder to fully mature. By this means, a larger product can be 

 secured from an equal area of land. 



WATER SUPPLY FOR THE FARM. 



EQUALLY important as the proper amount of pure air for the health and comfort of 

 both man and the lower animals, is an adequate supply of pure water; yet how fre 

 quently do we find the farm supply not only limited in quantity or inconvenient of 

 access, but also often poor in quality, and containing the elements of poison and disease, 

 which, though they may not be apparent for a time, will eventually be the cause of most dis 

 astrous results. This is not only true of country farms, but in many, and we might say most 

 of our large cities the water supplied for drinking purposes and cooking is not as pure as it 

 should be for the health and welfare of the inhabitants, and too little interest and concern is 

 manifested by the majority of the consumers in remedying this evil. A city frequently 

 depends for water upon a river, which a few miles above receives the sewage of another 

 /ity, or town, or the refuse of tanneries, paper manufactories, woolen mills, chemical works, 

 or other manufacturing establishments, which deposit in it substances which render it foul 

 and unwholesome Even some of the cleanest spring waters are often frequently impure, 



