MODEL FARMS. 601 



with stone walls and cemented sides and bottom. This root-cellar is thoroughly ventilated 

 by flues of its own, quite disconnected from that of the manure-cellar, and for the cattle-floor 

 above. At the extreme west end of the barn-cellar, between the two cartways, is built a 

 cistern of cemented work, 53 feet long, 15 feet wide, and 12 feet deep, having a capacity of 

 35,000 gallons of water, which is supplied from the river. From this great cistern, into 

 which also the water from the barn-roofs can be carried at will, a steam-pump raises water to 

 two large tanks high up in each end of the main barn, and from these tanks, giving an excel 

 lent head, water is supplied by a system of pipes to all parts of the various fa-m buildings. 

 Back of this cistern stands the gas-machine, which supplies the house and all the buildings 

 with light. Entering the main floor of the barn, one is struck with the immensity of its size, 

 its cleanliness, absence of odors, and its exact adaptation to the purposes it is designed to 

 subserve. 



Besides the main entrance at either end, the barn is entered by seven doors on each side, 

 six feet by nine. It has eighty-four windows, five by two and a half feet, and, together with 

 the distance from the barn-floor to the peak of the roof, and the passage through the main 

 doors from East to West, has tie best system of ventilation and lighting that could be 

 devised. Both in winter and summer the air here is pure and almost free from odor; a fact 

 which affords the best assurance that the condition of health of the animals and the purity of 

 their products are sedulously maintained. ***** * 



Among the hogs are seventy-six of the Yorkshire breed and some Chester Whites. 

 One hundred head of Southdown sheep are also kept on the farm, which shear about five 

 pounds per fleece. There are twenty working-horses, comprising as fine a lot of agricultural 

 and draft horses as can be found. They are kept for the work of the farm, besides one yoke 

 of Hereford oxen. The work-horses are kept in box-stalls, untied. Mr. Mayer (the superin 

 tendent) says that he wants his horses to sleep as comfortably as his men, and finds that it 

 pays to afford them such rest as a box-stall, well-littered, gives them. They do more work 

 and keep easier. Whilst all the horses are high-spirited and well-bred, they are made kind 

 and docile by care and gentle treatment.&quot; 



The dairy herd on this farm are all of the best Jersey breed, and the stable-room accom 

 modates two hundred head. , 



Care of Cattle, etc. The same writer describes the management of the dairy ani 

 mals as follows: 



&quot; In the care of his cattle, the same thoughtful attention and judgment are exhib ; ted on 

 Mr. Havemeyer s farm which are noticeable in the details of every other department. The 

 feeding-place in front of the cows is upon the floor, without any other arrangement, in order 

 that the cattle can obtain their feed clean, and that no particles shall get into corners to sour 

 and injure it. Here there is noticeable an entire absence of feed-boxes, and all fixtures. The 

 cattle are watered by means of a trough, which can be raised and lowered at will, and is sup 

 plied from the tanks above. When it is desired to water them, the troughs are lowered, and 

 when not in use they are raised to the top of the stall. This is quite the best system which I 

 have ever examined for this purpose. Every cow is cleaned daily with a curry-comb and 

 brush, the same as a horse. They are treated with absolute kindness and gentleness. 



A daily record is kept of the milk-yield of every cow. The calf is taken from the 

 cow when three days old, the cow being tied up in her place in the stall. The milk, per 

 fectly sweet, is heated up to 90 degrees and fed at this heat, which is the same as the origi 

 nal temperature when taken from the cow. The calf is given milk, at first four quarts every 

 day in three feedings, morning, noon, and night, increasing the quantity as the calf grows. 

 It is kept in a stall until ten days old, and then turned out in the morning to obtain the 

 benefit of the sun. At a month old it is turned into the pasture. Until four months old it 

 is fed with milk, at the end of that period being given some ground oats. Each calf is kept 



