90 THE BOOK OF BRITISH BUTTERFLIES. 



The eggs are laid at the end of July or beginning of 

 August on (or near) the Sweet-scented Violet ( Viola 

 odorata\ and the Dog Violet (V. canind}\ the Raspberry 

 has also been mentioned as a food-plant. The larvae hatch 

 in a fortnight, so that they are out in August. They 

 retire to the surface of the ground amongst the herbage 

 in September, and appear again in the spring, being 

 full-fed about the end of May or beginning of June, during 

 which month the pupae may be found suspended from 

 the stem of some low bush, often the bramble. The 

 imago is out from June till August. 



The larva (Fig. 85) tapers considerably in both directions, 

 but especially towards the head ; this is small and black, 

 marked with brown, except on the top, which is much 

 lighter. The segments of the body, which are clearly 

 distinguished, are adorned each with a ring of spines. 

 These spines form eight rows along the caterpillar, though 

 only the middle segments are represented in all the 

 eight, and the fourth on each side when present is 

 very short, being in fact more of the nature of a tubercle. 

 The second segment carries two spines, which are much 

 longer than the rest, and point forward over the head. 

 The spines are rust-coloured with black hairs and tips. 

 The ground-colour of the larva is rich brown, having a 

 somewhat smoky tinge on the ventral surface and claspers. 

 The legs are black. There are two distinct yellowish 

 dorsal lines ; on each segment are several subdorsal 

 blackish streaks, and a large black spot in front of the 

 dorsal pair of spines. The spiracles are black. 



The pupa (Fig. 84) is stout and very much angled ; 

 there is a large hump on the keeled thorax. The anterior 

 extremity is two-pointed, or two-eared as it is often called, 

 and the back is very much curved. The abdominal 

 segments and thorax are adorned with tubercles, which 



