300 THE BOOK OF FORESTRY 



Body Wood. Cord wood cut from those portions of the stems 

 of trees which are clear of branches. 



Boom. Logs or timbers fastened together end to end to hold 

 floating logs. The term sometimes includes the logs inclosed, 

 as a "boom of logs". 



Boom Company. A corporation engaged in handling floating 

 logs and owning booms and booming privileges. 



Breasthigh. At or having a height of 4| feet above the ground. 

 The forester usually calipers trees at this point. 



Broad-leaved Trees. Applies to trees whose leaves have a broad 

 flat surface unlike the needle or awl-shaped leaves of the conifers. 



Buck. To saw felled trees into logs. 



Bull Chain. A very heavy chain, to which a number of short 

 chains, with hooks on one end and dogs on the other, are attached. 

 It is used to draw logs from the miil^ond up the gangway. 



Butt Donkey. A large donkey engine which, by drum and cable, 

 drags logs from the place where they are yarded to a landing. 



Bummer. A small truck with two low wheels and a long pole, 

 used in skidding logs. 



Bunch Logs, To. To collect logs in one place for loading. 



Bunk. 1. The heavy timber upon which the logs rest on a 

 logging sled. 2. The cross beam on a log car or truck, on which 

 the logs rest. 3. A log car or truck. 4. A bed in a logging camp. 



Burn. An area over which fire has run to the noticeable injury 

 of the forest. 



Butt Off, To. 1. To cut a piece from the end of a log on account 

 of a defect. 2. To square the end of a log. 



Caliper. An instrument for measuring the diameter of trees or 

 logs, usually consisting of a graduated beam to which is attached 

 one fixed and one sliding arm. 



Cambium. In trees and shrubs, the layer between the bark and 

 wood, producing the annual ring. 



Cant Hook. A tool like a peavey, but having a toe ring and lip 

 at the end instead of a spike. 



Catamaran. A small raft carrying a windlass and grapple, used 

 to recover sunken logs. 



Catface. A partly healed over fire scar on the stem of a tree. 



Clean Cutting. 1. The cutting of the entire stand. 2. An area 

 upon which the entire stand has been cut. 



Cleaning. A thinning made in a stand which has not reached 

 the small-pole stage. Its main object is to remove trees of unde- 

 sirable form and species. 



Clear Length. That portion of the stem of a tree free from 

 branches. 



Compartment. The unit of area treated in the working plan. 

 The size and the shape of compartments are determined mainly 

 by topographic features. 



Composite Forest. A forest in which both seedlings and sprouts 

 occur in considerable number. It may be either pure or mixed. 



Conifer. A member of the Pine Family or Coniferse. 



Conservative Lumbering. Practical forestry; any method of lum- 

 bering which perpetuates the forest by use. 



