DEFINITION OF TERMS 303 



wood harvested for any purpose; minor products include all forest 

 products except wood. 



Forest Protection. The safeguarding of the forest against any 

 damage caused by its own growth. 



Forestry. The raising (and utilization) of repeated crops of timber 

 from non-agricultural soils. The main branches of forestry are 

 forest policy, silviculture, forest management, forest protection and 

 forest utilization. 



Forest Type. A forest or a part of a forest possessing distinctive 

 characteristics of composition or habit of growth. 



Forest Utilization. The most profitable use of forest products, 

 including lumbering, the various wood-using industries such as the 

 wood pulp, wood tannin, cooperage, veneer, excelsior, and similar 

 industries and the uses to which our woods are put. 



Form Factor. The ratio, expressed decimally, between the volume 

 of a tree, or portion of a tree, and of a cylinder or the same height 

 and diameter. 



Germination. The process by which a seed or spore gives rise 

 to a new and independent plant. 



Girdling. The act of cutting through the inner bark and sapwood 

 to cut off the circulation of the sap. Practiced in the Southern 

 Appalachians as a means of quickly clearing agricultural land. 



Ground Cover. All small plants growing in a forest, except 

 young trees; such as ferns, mosses, grasses and weeds. 



Hardwood. A broadleafed, or dicotyledonous, tree. 



Haul. In logging, the distance and route over which teams 

 must go between two given points, as between the yard or skidway 

 and the landing. 



Head Driver. An expert river driver who during the drive is 

 stationed at a point where a jam is feared. Head drivers usually 

 work in pairs. 



Head Fatter. The chief of a crew of fallers. 



Heel In, To. To store young trees for planting by laying them 

 against the side of a trench and covering the roots with earth. 



Height Growth. The increase in heights of trees. 



Height Measure. An instrument for measuring the height of 

 a tree. 



Humus. Decomposed organic matter in and on the surface of 

 the soil. 



Hypsometer. An instrument for taking heights of trees. 



Ice a Road, To. To sprinkle water on a logging road so that a 

 coating of ice may form, thus facilitating the hauling of logs. 



Improvement Thinning. Usually the first thinning made when a 

 forest is put under management, to prepare it for the application 

 of a regular system. 



Increment. The volume or value of wood produced during a 

 given period by the gjrowth of a tree or of a stand. Three kinds 

 of increment are distinguished: Volume increment is the increase 

 in volume of a tree or stand; quality increment is the increase in 

 value per unit of volume; price increment is the increase resulting 

 from an increase in the price of forest products independent of 

 quality increment. 



