308 THE BOOK OF FORESTRY 



Stratify. To preserve tree seeds by spreading them in layers 

 alternating with layers of earth or sand. 



Strip Method. The method of conservative lumbering in which 

 reproduction is secured on clean-cut strips by self-sown seed from 

 the adjoining forest. 



Stump. That portion of the tree below the cut made in felling 

 a tree. 



Stumpage. The value of timber as it stands uncut in the woods; 

 or, in a general sense, the standing timber itself. 



Sucker. A shoot from an underground root or stem. 



Sun Scald. An injury to the cambium caused by sudden exposure 

 of a tree to strong sunlight. 



Suppressed. Having growth more or less seriously retarded by 

 shade. 



Swamp. To clear the ground of underbrush, fallen trees and other 

 obstructions preparatory to constructing a logging road or opening 

 out a gutter road. 



Swell Butted. As applied to a tree, greatly enlarged at the 

 base. 



Tally Man. One who records or tallies the measurements of logs 

 as they are called by the sealer. 



Tangential Sawing. The common way of cutting logs by which 

 boards on each side of the center board are sawed by a cut that is 

 tangent to the annual rings. This method serves to bring out the 

 grain of wood most conspicuously. 



Tap-root. A central root running deep into the soil. 



Thinning. The removal of a portion of the trees with the object 

 of improving the stand without inviting natural reproduction. 

 The following kinds of thinnings are distinguished: cleaning, 

 improvement thinning, accretion thinning. 



Tolerance. The capacity of a tree to endure shade. 



Tote. To haul supplies to a logging camp. 



Transpiration. The process by which water is taken up by the 

 roots of plants and given off to the air through the leaves and 

 branches. 



Trap Tree. A tree deadened or felled at a time when destructive 

 bark beetles will be attracted to it and enter the bark, which is 

 then peeled from the tree and exposed to the sun, burned or buried, 

 as the case may require, to destroy the insect. 



Tree. A perennial woody plant with a single stem which from 

 natural tendencies does not divide into branches for some distance 

 above the ground. 



Tree Analysis. A series of measurements and observations upon 

 a felled tree to determine its growth and life history. 



Tree Class. All trees of approximately the same size. The 

 following tree classes are distinguished: seedling, shoot, small 

 sapling, large sapling, small pole, large pole, standard, veteran. 



Tree Crown. That part of a tree that is branched, forming a 

 head. 



Turkey. A bag containing a lumberjack's outfit. To " histe 

 the turkey " is to take one's personal belongings and leave camp. 



Two-storied Forest. Comprising on the same area two classes, 



