DEFINITION OF TERMS 309 



which vary considerably in height, composed of trees of differetn 

 species. 



Underbrush. All large, woody plants, such as witch hobble, laurel, 

 striped maple and devil's club, which grow in a forest, but have 

 no main stem or trunk. 



Undergrowth. The ground cover, underbrush, and young trees 

 below the large sapling stage. 



Undercut. The notch cut in a tree to determine the direction 

 in which the tree is to fall, and to prevent splitting. 



Underplant. To plant trees under an existing stand. 



Used Length. The sum of the lengths of logs cut from a tree. 



Valuation Survey. The measurement or other detailed study of 

 the stand upon a valuation or experiment area. Two kinds of 

 valuation survey are distinguished: 1. The strip survey comprises 

 the measurement of a stand, or a given portion of it upon strips 

 usually 1 chain wide. 2. The plot survey comprises the measure- 

 ment of the stand, or a given portion of it, upon isolated plots 

 not in the form of strips. 



Veteran. A tree over 2 feet in diameter, breasthigh. 



Volume. Amount or mass of a tree or stand. 



Volume Table. A tabular statement of the volume of trees in 

 bpard feet or other units upon the basis of their diameter breast- 

 high, their diameter breasthigh and height, their age, or their age 

 and height. 



Volunteer Growth. Young trees which have sprung up in the 

 open, as white pine in old fields, or cherry and aspen in burns. 



Wanigan. A houseboat used as sleeping quarters or as kitchen 

 and dining-room by river drivers. 



Weed Tree. A tree of a species which has little or no value. 



White Water Man. A log driver who is expert in breaking jams 

 on rapids or falls. 



Windbreak. 1. The breaking of trees by wind. 2. A belt of 

 trees which serves as a protection from wind. 



Windfall. 1. A tree thrown by wind. 2. An area on which 

 trees have been thrown by wind. 



Wind-firm. Able to withstand heavy wind. 



Work. To harvest the final yield under a working plan. 



Working Plan. A detailed and comprehensive scheme for the 

 best permanent use of a forest. 



Yarding Donkey. A donkey engine mounted upon a heavy sled, 

 used in yarding logs by drum and cable. 



Yield. The amount of wood at present upon, or which after a 

 given period will be upon, a given area. 



