Pasturing. 133 



Fig. 22, and hammer the other extremity to a point to 

 facilitate its insertion in the earth. The length of the 

 pin from the loop to the point should be i2in. or i4in. 

 This kind of tethering-pin has two advantages over the 

 previous one. In the first place, if the loop be made the 

 exact shape of that shown in Fig. 22, no swivel will be 

 needed, as the pin turns round in the hole it has formed 

 in the ground to whatever direction the goat moves, and, 

 in the second, it is easily forced into the earth by the 

 pressure of the arm, whereas the square rod requires to be 

 driven in with a mallet, which is not always at hand. The 

 square pin is, of course, the stronger, but it has this objec- 

 tion that if struck too hard with an iron hammer the head is 

 very apt to break off. Care should be taken in making it 

 that the 5-hook works freely round the neck of the pin. 



A. Cheap Form of Tether. 



Mr. A. P. Bossert, of Caldecote, Cambridge, uses a 

 very simple but very cheap and effective tether (Fig. 23), 

 which he describes as follows : " The peg (p) is made of 

 Jin. round iron, with an eye turned and welded at the 

 upper end and the lower end drawn out to a dull point, 

 a swivel (s) being attached to the peg by means of a 

 welded ring (w). A piece of good rope (R) or a light 

 chain is fixed to this, and a toggie (T) attached to the 

 other end of the rope, when the tether is complete. The 

 length of the rope should be at least i5ft., and that of the 

 peg about i2in., but that depends on the nature of the soil. 

 For heavy soil, and during the summer months, a shorter 

 peg is better. The peg should always t>e driven with a 

 wooden mallet, and must of course be driven into the 

 ground down to the ring, so that there can be no possi- 

 bility of the rope twisting round the peg. Now attach a 

 ring (suited to the toggle) to the goat's collar, and you are 



