Appendix 



shape and extraordinarily supple. If you add to this a 

 dress reaching to the knees, formed of young reindeer 

 skin, worked in many stripes of white and brown, the 

 skirt banded with scarlet cloth and dogskin fur, and foot 

 and leg coverings of soft patterned skin reaching above 

 the knee — there you have Ustynia, the belle of Kolguev." 



The Tod as 



Quoted from The Todas^ by W. H. Rivers (1906}. 



These people live on a very lofty and isolated plateau 

 of the Nilgiri Hills in South India ; and are especially 

 interesting to us because till 1 81 2 "they were absolutely 

 unknown to Europeans," and developed their own customs 

 untouched by Western civilisation. " They are a purely 

 pastoral people, limiting their activities almost entirely to 

 the care of their buffaloes and to the complicated ritual 

 Vv'hich has grown up in association with these animals." 

 (p. 6) . . . They have a completely organised and definite 

 system of polyandry. When a v/oman marries a man, it 

 is understood that she becomes the wife of his brothers 

 at the same time. When a boy is married to a girl, not 

 only are his brothers usually regarded as also the husbands 

 of the girl, but any brother born later will similarly be 

 regarded as sharing his older brother's rights." (p. 515.) 



" The men are strong and very agile ; the agility being 

 most in evidence when they have to catch their infuriated 

 buffaloes at the funeral ceremonies. They stand fatigue 

 well, and often travel great distances. ... In going from 

 one part of the hills to another a Toda always travels as 

 nearly as possible in a straight line, ignoring altogether 

 the influence of gravity, and mounting the steepest hills 

 with no apparent effort. In all my work with the men 



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