18 LAND AND LABOR. 



tial view of this matter, which is the too common 

 view, will not meet the case. 



Thus far I have utterly failed to discover that any 

 attempt has ever been made to find to what extent 

 machinery has taken the place of muscle in any pro- 

 duction. So prevalent has been the idea, especially 

 among the so called cultured and mercantile classes, 

 that machinery does not affect the employment of 

 manual labor, except, perhaps, to increase it, that 

 they have not deemed it worthy of inquiry. Even 

 those with the best opportunities of knowing the 

 whole case appear to have been utterly blind or indif- 

 ferent. In the two hundred and eighteen quarto 

 pages of introductory matter, in the volume on Manu- 

 factures, United States Census Keport for 1860, filled 

 with a most interesting summaTy of developments in 

 machinery and manufactures during the present cen- 

 tury, I find but one instance wherein the slightest in- 

 timation is given of the effects of the introduction of 

 any labor saving machine upon the manual labor em- 

 ployed. This may be found in the description of the 

 manufacture of paper, on page cxxvi, as follows : 



"About the year 1825 the automaton paper machine of Fou- 

 (Irinicr, imported from England, was introduced into the United 

 States, at Springfield, Massachusetts, where the largest manu- 

 factory at that time in the United States, that of D. & J. Ames, 

 employed twelve steam engines and more than one hundred fe- 

 males, besides the usual ntimlicr of male hands, and used ma- 

 chinery patented l.y them for making continuous sheets, which 

 rn.-iMcd one man to do the work of thirty." 



This simple statement gives a clear idea of the ef- 

 fect which one machine, in the manufacture of paper, 



