66 LAND AND LABOR. 



must the raw products of cotton and wool before their 

 growers can use them for clothing. But bread and 

 meat do not form more than one fourth part of the 

 subsistence of society, nor of any of its members 

 not even of the farmers. These principles were well 

 understood and clearly stated by Adam Smith, *as 

 follows : 



" When the division of labor has once been thoroughly intro- 

 duced, the produce of a man's own labor can supply but a very 

 small part of his occasional wants. The far greater part of them 

 are supplied by the produce of other men's labor, which he pur- 

 chases with the produce, or, what is the same thing, with the 

 price of the produce of his own. But this can not be made till 

 such time as the produce of his own labor has not only been 

 completed, but sold.'' Wealth of Nations. 



Therefore the farmer must have such a market for 

 his raw food products as will supply him with all the 

 necessaries of life, or he will starve as surely as a man- 

 ufacturer of cloth, or the maker of boots and shoes. 

 But unlike any other producer the imperative laws 

 of the seasons have limited the time for the effectual 

 industry of the farm to about one fourth part of the 

 year, during which period the small farmer must make 

 provision for all his operative force for the full year, 

 and from the fruit of the labor of himself and his own 

 family solely, during seed time and harvest, must he 

 provide for all their wants and comforts until the re- 

 turn of those seasons. 



But with the capitalist farmer it is very different. 

 The facts that I have gathered show that upon the 

 Grandin farm, for example, during the four weeks of 

 seed time, from April 1st to April 30th, there were 



