EFFECTS OF THE WAR ON LABOR. 161 



12 hours a day for the first period and 10 hours for 

 the last ; and also making the required allowance for 

 the average time lost, from partial employment, by 

 work people in all industries, amounting to fully one 

 fourth, as shown by the Massachusetts statistical 

 reports, we find that though the population in the 

 ten years following 1865, increased to the amount of 

 384,881 persons, the amount of employed muscular 

 force fell off to the extent of 77,000. That whilst the 

 increase in the production of cotton fabrics was from 

 175,875,934 yards in 1865 to 874,780,874 yards in 

 1875, or nearly five fold, the actual increase (not the 

 reported) in the muscular force employed was from 

 24,151 persons to 31,707, or about one fourth ; in 

 woolen goods there was an increase from 46,008,141 

 yards in 1865 to 90,208,280 yards in 1875, and an 

 absolute decrease of more than one third of the man- 

 ual labor employed from 18,753 persons to 11,550. 

 Of boots and shoes there were made in 1865, 31,870,581 

 pairs against 59,762,866 pairs in 1875, with an abso- 

 lute decrease in the muscular force employed of nearly 

 one half, being from 52,821 persons in 1865 to 28,854 

 in 1875. That is, the number of persons set down as 

 representing the muscular force employed in 1875, if 

 working now twelve hours per day, as was the usual 

 time in 1865, in the above three industries, with con- 

 stant employment, would produce the enormously 

 increased products of 1875. Since 1875 the develop- 

 ment in increase of production and decrease in muscu- 

 lar employment has in no respect lessened. The in- 

 dustries here considered are the leading industries in 

 Massachusetts, and no doubt may be accepted as a 



