282 LAND AND LABOR 



uses of knowledge are secondary. It scarcely needs 

 saying that the primary use of work is that of sup- 

 plying the materials and aids to living completely ; 

 and that any other uses of work are secondary. But 

 in men's conceptions the secondary has, in great 

 measure, usurped the place of the primary. The 

 apostle of culture as it is commonly conceived, Mr. 

 Matthew Arnold, makes little or no reference to the 

 fact that the first use of knowledge is the right order- 

 ing of all actions ; and Mr. Carlyle, who is a good 

 exponent of current ideas about work, insists on its 

 virtues for quite other reasons than that it achieves 

 sustentation. We may trace everywhere in human 

 affairs a tendency to transform the means into the 

 end. All see that the miser does this when, making 

 the accumulation of money his sole satisfaction, he 

 forgets that money is of value only to purchase satis- 

 factions. But it is less commonly seen that the like 

 is true of the work by which the money is accumu- 

 lated that industry, too, bodily or mental, is but a 

 means, and that it is as irrational to pursue it to the 

 exclusion of that complete living it subserves as it is 

 for the miser to accumulate money and make no use 

 of it. Hereafter, when this age of active material 

 progress has yielded mankind its benefits, there will, 

 I think, come a better adjustment of labor and enjoy- 

 ment. Among reasons for thinking this, there is the 

 reason that the process of evolution throughout the 

 world at large brings an increasing surplus of energies 

 that are not absorbed in fulfilling material needs, and 

 points to a still larger surplus for humanity of the 

 future. And there are other reasons, which I must 



