180 LANDSCAPE-GARDENING 



selves gradually die. An exception might be made 

 to this rule when there is low land along streams, 

 lands subject to frequent overflow and so unsuitable 

 for plowing. Such soil is usually rich and moist and 

 well adapted for pasture. To have scattering tall 

 trees upon this land with a few low-growing haw- 

 thorns would not diminish materially its value as a 

 pasture and would make it beautiful. The foliage 

 of hawthorns is eaten to some extent by cattle, but 

 these trees protect themselves sufficiently by their 

 thorns to enable them to increase gradually in size. 

 They not only protect themselves but they frequently 

 protect a bed of adder-tongues, bloodroots, trilliums, 

 hepaticas or anemones underneath their branches. 



In situations like that described in the above para- 

 graph, care should be taken to protect the banks of 

 the stream from erosion and at the same time allow 

 the cattle to have a liberal and convenient supply 

 of water. The growth of trees and bushes along 

 concave banks should be protected by fencing. 

 There will usually be some low sloping borders of 

 the stream where cattle may enter it without 

 harm. 



In starting a forest or wood-lot, small trees should 

 be chosen. Often it is best to plant year-old seed- 



