THE SPRAYING SEASON. 



179 



amount of United States apples, all low 

 grade, selling at tour pence and five pence 

 per pound. No one seemed to be offering 

 a fine quality got up in an attractive shape 

 with the placard, "grown in Canada," as we 

 recommended to the dealer who got our 

 stock. Another morning I visited the great 

 wholesale mart and saw lot after lot of 

 United States Baldwins knocked down at 

 10 to 14 shillings per barrel. After these 

 had been disposed of a few lots of No. i 

 Newtown Pippins were offered and were 

 snapped up at 20 shillings per half barrel. 

 This convinced me that there is as much in" 

 a name and a condition as in quality. Es- 

 tablish a name for our No. i Spys, offer 

 them in an attractive condition, and there 

 should be as much money in them as there 

 is in the American Newtown Pippin. An- 

 other thing that attracted special attention 



in our exhibit was the nicely packed boxes 

 of evaporated apples. We distributed a 

 few samples of these among the better mid- 

 dle class and in every case the recipient 

 came back and pronounced them delicious. 

 We disposed of our stock of these also to 

 the dealer already referred to — Thos. Dowd, 

 of Moorefield Place, Liverpool — who is go- 

 ing to introduce them to the Liverpool trade. 

 I see no reason why a very large trade 

 should not be secured in England for this 

 Canadian article. So far as Liverpool is 

 concerned I believe the matter is in good 

 hands, and if Mr. Dowd does as well for 

 Canada as has been done for the island of 

 Jamaica in handling her fruits and finding 

 consumption for them, it will be well for 

 the Canadian growers, packers and pro- 

 ducers to get into business relations with 

 him. 



NOTES ON SPRAYING 



PROF. W. LOCHHEAD, 0. A. C, GUELPH. 



FRUIT growers and gardeners should 

 give considerable thought at this 

 time of the year to the selection and pur- 

 chase of spraying materials. They must 

 take for granted that injurious insects and 

 fungous diseases will attack their crops this 

 coming season and should be prepared to 

 meet their attacks successfully. 



The secret of successful spraying lies in a 

 thorough knowledge of the habits of the in- 

 jurious insects and fungi, and in the intelli- 

 gent application of the chemicals which have 

 been found most effective as insecticides and 

 fungicides. Some sucking insects, like the 

 San Jose scale and the pear psylla, can be 

 "best treated in the spring before the buds 

 open, with the lime-sulphur solution. The 

 preparation of this solution is well known. 

 Where the orchard is large it is advisable 

 to boil the lime and sulphur for one and a 

 half or two hours, according to the formula 

 in use for the last two years. 



The lime-sulphur solution applied to 

 peach trees will prevent leaf-curl to a large 



extent. It is also, therefore, a valuable 

 fungicide. As soon, however, as the buds 

 open other solutions must be used. The 

 standard fungicide is Bordeaux mixture. 

 The 4-4-40 formula is generally employed 

 in Ontario, i. e., four pounds copper sul- 

 phate, four pounds quick lime, 40 gallons of 

 water. Stock solutions of known strength 

 of the copper sulphate and lime are pre- 

 pared and kept in separate barrels. Two 

 precautions must be taken in making the 

 spraying solutions: (i) The stock solu- 

 tions should be poured separately into the 

 barrel, which should be nearly half full of 

 water. (2) The ferrocyanide test should 

 always be made to determine if enough lime 

 has been added. 



TO KILIv BITING INSECTS. 

 Some arsenic compound should always 

 be mixed with the Bordeaux to poison the 

 biting insects and caterpillars. Paris green 

 is the one most commonly used, and at the 

 rate of six to eight ounces to the barrel of 

 Bordeaux. White arsenic, being cheaper 



