NOTES AND COMMENTS. 



boxes of Barletts for export without wrap- 

 ping, because of the scarcity of labor, and 

 because we hoped their green and firm con 

 dition would make the expense unnecessary. 

 But we found that the chafing of pear against 

 pear and against the wood caused sHght 

 skin blemishes, which lowered their grade 

 from XXX to XX, and that, in this way, 

 alone, we lost more money than we saved in 

 wrappers. Powell's experiments showed the 

 same result, and he says in his report : 



" The chief advantage derived from wrapping 

 Bartlett pears seems to be in the mechanical 

 protection to the fruit rather than its efficiency 

 in prolonging its season. "Wrapping is advised 

 for superior fruit designed for flrst-class 

 trade." 



For Kieffers the wrapper seems still more 

 important than for Bartletts, because the 

 skin blackens with the slightest bruise and 

 decay sets in beneath it, ,so that this pear will 

 keep longer from decay if wrapped than if 

 packed without. Wrappers also serve a 

 good purpose in preserving the bright color 

 of the fruit, and in keeping it from wilting. 

 Altogether, therefore, we must make up our 

 minds that in future pears intended for ex- 

 port must be wrapped, even if it does in- 

 crease the cost of packing. 



SODA-BORDEAUX. 



I"* O make and apply the Bordeaux, as 

 commonly prepared, is very trouble- 

 some, and this mixture has been proved to 

 be equally efficient and without the objec- 

 tionable mechanical features of the former. 

 At the New Jersey Station it his been pre- 

 pared according to the following formula : 

 Soda (Lewis' Lye), i pound can; copper 

 sulphate, 3 lbs. ; lime, 5 ounces, and water, 

 30 gallons. 



THE CODUNG MOTH. 



SANDERSON (Del. Sta.) reports^good 

 results in lessening codling moth by 

 spraying with arsenites. He tried mix- 

 tures of varying strength and found no ad- 

 vantage in using more than i lb. to 200 gals, 

 of water. The best results were obtained 



with Disparene. one application of which 

 gave 60 per cent, of benefit and two applica- 

 tions 87 per cent. Next came the ordinary 

 form, known as Paris green, which, with 

 two sprayings gave 60 per cent, of benefit ; 

 and last, arsenite of lime, which gave only 

 20 per cent. 



SULPHUR FOR MII^DEW, 



FOR the ordinary, or powdery, mildew 

 of the grape in Ontario, dusting with 

 flour of sulphur is the remedy usually em- 

 ployed by our grape growers. Sometimes, 

 however, the results seem unsatisfactory, 

 and it is often a problem to know the reason 

 of the failure. It may be that the sulphur 

 was not applied in sufficient quantity, or not 

 repeated often enough. Degrully (Exper. 

 Sta. Record, 92, p. 53) advises "3 treat- 

 ments, in which either 130 kilograms per 

 hectare of tritutated sulphur, or 90 kg. of 

 sublimated sulphur should be used. The-^e 

 figures are given as a maxima, which it 

 is not always necessary to attain." It may 

 be explained that a hectare is a measure of 

 area, containing nearly 2j/^ acres ; and that 

 a kilogram is a measure of weight equal to 

 nearly 2 J/4 pounds avoirdupois. 



Fig. 2714. The Steamship en route for France 

 loading with apples for champagne pur- 

 poses at one of the burlington 

 Docks. Photo by G. E. Fisher. 



