EDITORIAL NOTES. 



53 



are essential. The inner bark, or cambium 

 layer of cion and stock must exactly fit in 

 each case, for here is the place at which the 

 union takes place. Care must also be taken, in 



Fig. 2724. Top Grafting. 



applying the wax, to exclude the air from 

 the cleft, or the parts will dry up before 

 growth begins. 



* * * 



CiONS may be cut any time during the 

 winter when the wood is not frozen, and 

 stored in the cellar. They should be 

 packed in new sawdust, of which the natural 

 moisture is quite sufficient to keep the wood 

 plump and fresh until needed in spring. 



* * -.- 



Cuttings of currants and gooseberries 

 and grapes made in pruning may be also 

 preserved in the same way as the cions until 

 planting time, and if given a fair chance 90 

 per cent, of them will grow. Quinces also 

 will grow from cuttings without much diffi- 

 culty. Cut them five or six inches long, 

 and plant to leave only one bud above the 

 ground. The earth must be packed firmly 

 about them. 



* * * 



Pruning should be pushed forward every 

 fine day in winter. Spring, with it drain- 

 ing and fencing and cleaning up and plant- 

 ing, is a busv time, and, if not attended to 



sooner, the pruning is apt to be neglected. 

 Every tree in the orchard should be gone 

 over with knife and shears at least once a 

 year if the vigor of the remaining wood is 

 to be maintained and good fruit to be har- 

 vested. 



>;s 2{c ^ 



Spraying also is facilitated by careful 

 pruning. A tree whose top is a brush heap, 

 full of useless and half-dead wood, wastes 

 much valuable material and time is 

 m^oney in this work. Every branch 

 and every bud should exist for a pur- 

 pose ; here is the ideal in an orchard 

 tree, and the grower should try to 

 attain as near to perfection as possible. If 

 three treatments only with Bordeaux are to 

 be applied, we would advise (i) just before 

 leaf buds open, (2) as blossoms are falling, 

 and (3) about a fortnight later. 



* * * 



The Usual Formula for Bordeaux is 

 copper sulphate, 6 lbs. ; lime, 4 lbs., and 

 should be first diluted in water, at least a 

 gallon to each pound, and then poured 

 together and the balance of the water 

 added. If not done so there will be 

 flak'y sediments which will clog the nozzle, 

 and the spray will not be properly mixed. 

 Possibly even this formula is too weak for 

 the best results. Johnston, of Simcoe, used 12 

 lbs. of copper sulphate, 18 of lime, and 50 

 gallons of water, and had wonderful results 

 last fall with his apple crop ; but no doubt 

 this was quite an extravagant quantity. 



A Spraying Rig is a great convenience 

 where much of this work must be done. A 

 new power sprayer is being introduced, run 

 b}' carbonic acid gas pressure, and we hope 

 it may simplify the whole business. Where 

 two or three growers unite in the purchase, a 

 power machine of some kind would prove 

 the greatest economy. 



